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【分享】《实验诊断学》英文名词及解释（推荐）

                     （分为七大部分）

Words and Phrases of Laboratory Diagnostics

Part 1.  Perface

绪论

Accuracy： 准确度

Closeness of the agreement between the result of a measurement and a true value of the measurand.1.Accuracy is a qualitative concept. Its quantitative counterpart is error of measurement.2.IFCC has used this term with the present meaning of trueness.

Biological microchip： 生物芯片

Biological microchip (or biochip) is a micro-scale assay platform mainly developed by methods involving microelectronic technology. Biochips in general incorporate the following areas of technological expertise: Nano dispensing – a physical process that places discrete test regions onto each biochip. Reproducibility of test region position and concentration are imperative for accurate assay results. Selection of the correct biologically active ligand to attach to the biochip surface can greatly affect the activity of the assay. Once placed on the biochip surface, the ligand has to be stabilized, again to retain reproducibility as well as to extend the self-life. In addition, two dimension imaging is required along with specially designed software.

Clinical chemistry： 临床化学

Clinical chemistry encompasses the study of the chemical aspects of human life in health and illness and the application of chemical laboratory methods to diagnosis, control of treatment and prevention of disease.

Coefficient variation： 变异系数

The ratio of the standard deviation to the mean.

Decision level： 决定水平

A concentration of analyte where medical interpretation  is critical for patient care. There may be several different medical decision levels for a particular analyte . Decision level should provide guidance for selecting relevant estimates of stable imprecision, stable inaccuracy, and matrix inaccuracy. This is analogous to identifying a critical target value for assessing test performance and validating quality control design.

Evidence based laboratory medicine (EBM)： 循证检验医学

EBLM is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This definition can readily be applied to laboratory medicine, recognizing(a) that a request for a diagnostic test represents part of a decision-making process; (b) the relevance to the clinical situation at hand; (c) the need for critical appraisal of evidence in terms of quality; and (d) the continuing evolution of evidence, particularly for new test.

Evidence based medicine (EBM)： 循证医学

Evidence based medicine (EBM) is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.

External quality assessment： 室间质量评价

A program in which multiple specimens are periodically sent to members of a group of laboratories for analysis and/or identification, and in which each laboratory’s results are compared with those of other laboratories in the group and/or with an assigned value, and reported to the participating laboratory and others.

Flow cytometry： 流式细胞术

A technique for measuring and characterizing particles, usually cells suspended in fluid. The cells flow individually through an aperture , where they are exposed to light or electric current .Cell properties are determined by their effect on electrical transmission or on reflecting or absorbing light or fluorescence. Large numbers of cells are examined very rapidly and the results are analyzed by computer.

Gas analysis： 血气分析

In order to judge the state of acid-base balance, measurements are made simultaneously of blood pH, PaCO₂ and Pa O₂ on a single blood gas instrument, then the other parameters,  such as HCO^-,AB, BB, BE, Sat O₂, Ca O₂ are calculated by the analyzer..

Immunology： 免疫学

Immunology may be considered the study of the phenomena that enable organisms to distinguish nonself from self and to respond specifically to foreign macromolecules.The formation of antibodies and the generation of antigen-reactive lymphocytes are the two principal phenomena studied. All aspects of these two phenomena and the effector mechanisms that they can recruit are included in the science of immunology.

Internal quality control： 室内质量控制

Procedures run in association with the measurement of patient’s specimens to evaluate whether the analytical system is operating within predefined tolerance limits.

Laboratory medicine： 检验医学

That part of medicine which has to do with ascertaining the nature of disease by means of measuring the value of analyte in body fluids.

Laboratory accreditation： 实验室认可

Procedure by which an authoritative body gives formal recognition that a body or person is competent to carry out specific tasks.

Microbiology： 微生物学

The branch of science concerned with microorganisms. It can be divided variously into branches, either by content (bacteriology, virology, mycology, protozoology, phycology ) or by area of application (medical, soil, etc.).

Molecular biology:  分子生物学

A branch of biology concerned with the properties of specific molecules and the interactions between molecules and the living organisms in which they occur.

Molecular hybridization： 分子杂交

A procedure used to compare the similarity of base sequences between two polynucleotide chains from different sources .The polynucleotide chains are heated to separate to two single strands (melting). Recombination or annealing occurs upon slow cooling.

Parasitology： 寄生虫学

The branch of biology and of medicine which focuses on various aspects of parasitism, parasitic disease, and host-parasite relationships.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)： 聚合酶链式反应

In nature, most organisms copy their DNA in the same way. The PCR mimics this process, only does it in a test tube. When cell divides, enzyme called polymerase makes a copy of the DNA in chromosome.The first step in this process is to “unzip” the DNA double helix. As the two strands separate, DNA polymerase makes a copy using each strand as a template.

Precision： 精密度

Closeness of agreement among independent results of measurement obtained under stipulated conditions.1.Precision is a qualitative concept. Its quantitative counterpart is imprecision, which is computed as a standard deviation or a coefficient of variation of the measurement results.3.Standard deviation expressing imprecision may depend on the value of the measurand; the phenomenon is called heteroscedasticity.

Quality assurance system： 质量保证体系

All those planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product, process or service will satisfy given requirements for quality.

Reference interval ： 参考范围

The interval between, and including, two reference limits. (e.g., for fasting glucose the reference interval is 3.6 to 6.1mmol/L; in some cases, only one reference limit is important, usually an upper limit, “x” and the corresponding reference interval would be 0 to x..

Part 2. Clinical hematology test

临床血液检验

 

Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) :  活化部分凝血激酶时间

A coagulation test that has superseded the partial thromboplastin time test (PTT) in the clinical hematology laboratory. The term APTT is interchangeable with PTT in daily usage.

Aplastic anemia :  再生障碍性贫血

This form of anemia occurs when the bone marrow ceases sufficient red and white blood cell production. It may be induced by exposure to high level of toxic chemicals, radiation and certain drugs.The pathogen may lead results including damage on hematopoietic multi-potent stem cell or hematopoietic micro-environment, immunodeficiency or immunodysfunction.Its main change on bone marrow and characteristic peripheral blood is all or any of the followings: granulocytopenia, erythrocytopinia and thrombocytopenia.

Apoptosis:  细胞凋亡

Programmed cell death as signalled by the nuclei in normally functioning human and animal cells when age or state of cell health and condition dictate. An active process requiring metabolic activity by the dying cell,often characterised by cleavage of the DNA into fragments that give a so called ladder pattern on gels. Cells that die by apoptosis do not usually elicit the inflammatory responses that are associated with necrosis,though the reasons are not clear. Cancerous cells, however, are unable to experience the normal cell transduction or apoptosis-driven natural cell death process.

Basophilla segmented granulocyte:  嗜碱性分叶核粒细胞

Granular leukocytes characterised by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes.

Basophilic normoblast:  早幼红细胞

Cell of the bone marrow that derives from pronormoblast and will give rise to normoblast.

Bone marrow puncture:  骨髓穿刺

A small volume of bone marrow removed under local or general anesthetic from either the hip bone (pelvis) or breast bone (sternum). Then cells in the sample are examined under the microscope to identify any abnormality.

Chromosome aberration:  染色体畸变,染色体异常

Deviations from the normal number or structure of chromosomes.

Chromosome translocation:  染色体易位

The fusion of part of one chromosome onto part of another. Largely sporadic and random, there are some translocations at hot spots that occur often enough to be clinically significant.

Coagulation:  血凝

A group of plasma protein substances (Factor I-XIII) contained in the plasma, which act in concert to bring about blood coagulation. Many of the factors contain EGF like domains.

Coagulation factors:  凝血因子

Totally, there are 12 substances in the plasma essential to the clotting process, and hence to maintenance of normal hemostasis.The factors are designated by Roman numeralsⅠto Ⅴ and Ⅶ to ⅩⅢ,  to which the notations “a” is added to indicate the activated state.

Cold agglutinin:  冷凝集素

Antibodies that agglutinate particles with greater activity below 32℃. They are IgM antibodies specifically reactive with blood groups I and i in humans and agglutinate red blood cells on cooling, causing Raynaud's phenomenon in vivo.

Component blood transfusion:  成分输血

Blood components can be used for transfusion. Blood components are parts of whole blood, such as red blood cells (RBCs), plasma, platelets, clotting factors, immunoglobulins, and white blood cells. Use of blood components is a more efficient way to use the blood supply, because blood that has been processed (fractionated) into components can be used to treat more than one person..

Coomb test:  Coomb试验, 抗球蛋白试验

Hemagglutination test in which coombs' reagent (antiglobulin, or anti-human globulin rabbit immune serum) is added to detect incomplete (non-agglutinating, univalent, blocking) antibodies coating on erythrocytes. The direct test is applied to red blood cells which have been coated with antibody in vivo (e.g., in hemolytic disease of newborn, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and transfusion reactions). The indirect test is applied to serum to detect the presence of antibody (e.g., in detection of incompatibility in cross-matching tests, detection and identification of irregular antibodies, and in detection of antibodies not identifiable by other means).

Cross matching: 交叉配血

The methods of ABO and Rh(D) typing of human blood, of screening the serum for"atypical"  (unexpected) antibodies, and of compatibility testing between the serum of the patient and the erythrocytes of a potential donor.In all of these tests, visible clumping (agglutination of the erythrocytes) indicates an antigen-antibody reaction.

D-dimer:  D-二聚体

D-dimer is a protein that is released into the circulation during the process of fibrinolysis. D-dimer represents an area of crosslinked fibrin degradation product that originated from the breaking down of the fibrin clot .D-dimer is a valuable diagnostic marker in either detecting the presence of, or monitoring the progress of a fibrin-based thrombotic event. Such is the case in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC),deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), coronary heart disease and other arterial and venous thrombotic states.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation;DIC： 弥散性血管内凝血

A disturbance in the hemostatic balance, activated by a procoagulant stimulus, that produces the release of tissue factor into the circulation, or conditions that lead to endothelial cell injury and/or Factor Ⅻ activation.Both platelet and coagulation factor are consumed, fibrin is deposited in small vessels in many organs, then the fibrinolytic system is activated with the subsequent accumulation of fibrin (fibrinogen)degradation products in the circulation, which also inhibit clot formation.

Enzyme:  酶

A protein molecule produced by living organisms, which catalyses chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the reactions.Enzymes are classified according to the recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry. Each enzyme is assigned a recommended name and an Enzyme Commission (EC) number.They are divided into six main groups, oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases and ligases.

Eosinophil :  嗜曙红细胞

Polymorphonuclear leucocyte (granulocyte) of the myeloid series, of which the granules stain red with eosin. They are phagocytic, particularly associated with helminth infection and with hypersensitivity.

Eosinophilic segmented granulocyte:  嗜酸性的分节核粒细胞

A type of polymorphonuclear leukocyte containing eosin-staining granules. Although the activity of eosinophils is not entirely clear, they are known to destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions. They also secrete chemical mediators that can cause bronchoconstriction in asthma.

Erythrocyte sedimetation rate： 红细胞沉降率

A test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle through a column of liquid. A nonspecific index of inflammation.

Erythrocytosis:  红细胞增多

An abnormal elevation in the number of red blood cells. Normal RBC counts should be in the range of 4.0-5.5 million per cubic millimetre for males and 3.5-5.0 million per cubic millimetre for females.Erythrocytosis may occur for physiologic reasons (to increase oxygen carrying capacity) in those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or those who live at higher altitude.

Granulocytic series:  粒细胞系

Leucocyte with conspicuous cytoplasmic granules. In humans the granulocytes are also classified as polymorphonuclear leucocytes and are subdivided according to the staining properties of the granules into eosinophils,basophils and neutrophils (using a Romanovsky type stain), some invertebrate blood cells are also referred to, not very helpfully, as granulocytes.

Hematocyte:  血细胞

There are three main types of cells in the blood stream.The correct balance between each cell type must be maintained for the body to remain healthy.

Hematopoietic multipotent stem cell:  造血多能干细胞

Cell that gives rise to distinct daughter cells, one a replica of the stem cell, one a cell that will further proliferate and differentiate into a mature blood cell.Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to all lineages, committed stem cells (derived from the pluripotent stem cell) only to some.

Heme :  亚铁血红素

Compounds of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring that differ in side chain composition. Haem is the prosthetic group of cytochromes and is found in most oxygen carrier proteins.

Hemoglobin:  血红蛋白

Four subunit globular oxygen carrying protein of vertebrate and some invertebrate.in adult humans, the haem moiety (an iron containing substituted porphyrin) is firmly held in a nonpolar crevice in each peptide chain.

Hemolytic anemia:  溶血性贫血

Anemia resulting from reduced red blood cell survival time and hemolysis, either due to an intrinsic defect in the erythrocyte (hereditary spherocytosis or elliptocytosis, enzyme defects,hemoglobinopathy) or an extrinsic damaging agent.  For example autoantibody (autoimmune hemolytic anemia), isoantibody, parasitic invasion of the cells (malaria), bacterial or chemical hemolysins, mechanical damage to erythrocytes.

Hemolytic disease of newborn:  新生儿溶血症

It results from the passage of antibodies from the maternal circulation across the placenta into the circulation of the foetus where they react with red blood cells and mediate their destruction.

Hemolysis:  溶血, 血细胞溶解

Alteration, dissolution or destruction of red blood cells in such a manner that hemoglobin is liberated into the medium in which the cells are suspended e.g. by specific complement-fixing antibodies, toxins, various chemical agents.

Hemophilia:  血友病[包括血友病A、B、C三种类型]

A hemorrhagic diathesis occurring in two main forms:2. Hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency, Christmas disease), also X-chromosome linked, due to deficiency of coagulation factor IX. chromosome (Xq), but a different loci are characterised by subcutaneous and intramuscular hemorrhages, bleeding from the mouth, gums, lips and tongue, hematuria and hemarthrosis.

Hemorrhage： 出血

Escape of blood from the vessels into the surrounding tissue or into the environment. Acute hemorrhage refers to immediate and severe bleeding, whereas chronic hemorrhage refers to less blood volume, lost more gradually.

Homeostasis:  止血

The arrest of bleeding by physiologic properties of homeostasis depends on the types of surrounding tissues, the integrity of the blood vessels, normal platelet number and function,and presence of adequate amounts of protein function on promoting and inhibiting coagulation.

Infectious mononucleosis: 传染性单核细胞增多(症)

Self-limiting disorder of lymphoid tissue caused by infection with Epstein Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis). Characterised by the appearance of many large lymphoblasts in the circulation.

International normalized ratio: 国际标准化比值

A number used to monitor patients taking oral anticoagulants. Using this number, clinicians may interpret the prothrombin time (PT) results among laboratories using different thromboplastin preparations with different sensitivities to the effects of anticoagulants. It is calculated as the ratio of patient’s PT to the mean PT normal value (from a laboratory’s plasma reference pool) and this value raised to the power of the thromboplastin international sensitivity index ISI). The ISI is provided by the thromboplastin manufacturer.

Iron deficiency anemia: 缺铁性贫血

Deficiency of iron results in anemia because iron is necessary to make hemoglobin, the key molecule in red blood cells responsible for the transport of oxygen. In iron deficiency anemia, the red cells are unusually small (microcytic) and pale (hypochromic).

Leukemia : 白血球过多症

An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in human being and other warm-blood animals that involves the blood forming organs.The disease is characterised by abnormal changes in the quantity and quality of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding change in the circulating blood.Leukemia is classified according to the type of leucocyte which is most prominently involved.

Leukemoid reaction: 类白血病反应

A moderate, advanced or sometimes extreme degree of leukocytosis. In the circulating blood, similar to that occurring in various forms of leukemia,but not the result of leukemia disease. Usually, there is a disproportionate increase in the number of forms in one series of leukocyte.

Lymphoblast: 原淋巴细胞

Cell of the bone marrow that gives rise to prolymphocyte.

Lymphocytotoxicity test: 淋巴细胞毒

This test involves observation of morphological changes in lymphocytes incubated with a suspect substance and a sample of the patient's serum.

Magaloblastic anemia: 巨成红细胞性贫血

A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anemia. The reason may be deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12.

Major histocompability complex: 主要组织相容性(抗原)复合物

The MHC, which includes the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, is a cluster of genes on chromosome 6 concerned with antigen production and critical to transplantation.

Matching of blood: 配血

It is performed in a blood bank laboratory by technologists trained in blood bank and transfusion services. The tests are done on blood after it is separated into cells and serum.The test are based on the reaction between antigens and antibodies. Patient’s serum and cells are respectively mixed with cells and serum from donated blood that might be used for transfusion.Clumping or lack of clumping in the test tube tells whether or not the blood is compatible.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): 红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度

The average amount of hemoglobin contained within the individual red blood cell.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): 红细胞平均血红蛋白量

The average hemoglobin concentration within the individual red blood cell.

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): 平均红细胞容积

The MCV is the average volume of the RBC in femtoliters (fL).

Mixed lymphocyte culture: 混合淋巴细胞培养

When lymphocytes from two individuals are cultured together, each cell population is able to recognise the "foreign" HLA class II antigens. As a response to these differences, the lymphocytes transform into blast cells,with associated DNA synthesis. Radiolabelled thymidine, added to the culture, will be used in this DNA synthesis.Therefore, radioactive uptake is a measure of DNA synthesis and the difference between the HLA Class II types of the two people is recorded.

Multiple myeloma: 多发性骨髓瘤

A bone marrow tumor involving plasma (or myeloma) cell. The tumour cells can form a single collection (a plasmacytoma) or many tumours (multiple myeloma). Plasma cells are part of the immune system and make antibodies.Because patients have an excess of identical plasma cells, they produce pure type of monoclone immunoglobulin. As myeloma cells increase in number, they prevent the bone marrow from forming normal plasma cells and other white blood cells important to the immune system so patients may not be able to fight infections. The cancer cells can also prevent the growth of new red blood cells, causing anemia.

Myeloblast: 原始粒细胞

An immature cell produced by and found in bone marrow which gives rise to promyelocyte.

Neutrophil: 嗜中性粒细胞

A white blood cell, whose plasma comprises tiny neutrophilia particles. The increasing count in peripheral blood often infers presence of inflammation or infection.

Platelet count: 血小板计数

A laboratory test, which measures the number of platelets in blood. The normal range is 150,000-400,000 platelets per cubic mm. Platelet count under 10,000 per cubic millimetre places the patient at risk for spontaneous hemorrhage.

Oncogene: 癌基因

Mutated and/or over expressed version of a normal gene of animal cells (the proto-oncogene)that in a dominant fashion can release the cell from normal restraints on growth and thus alone or in concert with other changes, convert a cell into a tumor cell.

Platelet aggregation test: 血小板凝聚试验

A test that determines the response of platelets to a variety of aggregating agents including adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine, collagen, ristocetin,and arachidonic acid. Platelet aggregation is determined by measuring change in the optical density of stirred, platelet-rich plasma after the addition of an aggregating agent.

Polycythemia vera : 真性红细胞增多症

Overproduction (proliferation) of red blood cells due to bone marrow disease (myeloproliferative disorder).Polycythemia vera tends to evolve into acute leukemia or a condition with the marrow replaced by scar tissue (myelofibrosis).

Prothrombin time: 凝血酶原时间

Measurement of clotting time of plasma recalcified in the presence of excess tissue thromboplastin. Factors measured are fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V, VII, and X. It is used for monitoring anticoagulant therapy with coumarins.

Red blood cell count: 红细胞计数

A laboratory test, which measures the number of red blood cells in blood.(fluid loss) or severe lung disease. Interestingly, red blood cell counts are much higher in those who live at high altitude, because of the increased demand for oxygen carrying capacity.

Red blood cell hematocrit: 红细胞压积

Relative volume of blood occupied by erythrocytes. An average figure for humans is 45 per cent, i.e. A packed red cell volume of 45ml in 100ml of blood.

Red blood cell morphology: 红细胞形态学

A study of the configuration or the structure of RBC.

Reticulocyte count: 网织红细胞计数

Determination of the number of reticulocytes in a measured volume of blood. Values for reticulocytes are expressed as a percentage of the erythrocyte count or in the form of a so-called "corrected" reticulocyte "index".An increase in circulating reticulocytes, often referred to as reticulocytosis, is among the simplest and most reliable signs of accelerated erythrocyte production. Reticulocytosis, or an increased reticulocyte count,occurs during active blood regeneration (stimulation of red bone marrow) and in certain anemias, particularly congenital hemolytic anemia.

Thrombin time: 凝血酶时间

Test of the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin in which clotting time of plasma mixed with a thrombin solution is measured.Time is prolonged by fibrinogenaemia, abnormal fibrinogen, or the presence of inhibitory substances, e.g., fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products, heparin.

Thrombus: 血栓,血块

An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causes vascular obstruction at the point of its formation.Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation.

Von Willebrand disease： 冯·威利布兰德病(血友病), 血管性血友病

A family of bleeding disorders transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait in which the von Willebrand factor portion of the factor Ⅷ molecule is defective.Most vWD classification types are characterized by decreased levels of factor ⅧC:Ag, decreased von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag), a prolonged bleeding time, and impaired ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA).

White blood cell count: 白细胞计数

A laboratory test, which measures the number of white blood cells in blood.Slightly higher counts are seen in children. Elevated counts can be seen in cases of inflammation and infection.

White blood cell differential: 血细胞分类

The white blood cell differential is a percentage of each type of white blood cell based on a count of 100 cells. Neutrophils, bands, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils and eosinophils are all included.A change in the white blood cell differential may indicate a certain pathological situation.

Wirght’s stain: 瑞氏染色

For use in staining blood and bone marrow smear, also for staining other materials (such us parasite) in blood smear. Human blood, stained with Wright's stain, shows:1) erythrocytes - pink-red 2) leukocytes: a) cytoplasm - unstained-pale blue; b) nuclei - dark blue-purple; c) eosinophilic granules - bright red, large;d) neutrophilic granules - pale purple pink, small; e) basophilic granules - deep blue-purple 3) platelets – lavender

Part 3. Clinical body fluid test

临床体液检验

 

Bacillary dysentery:  杆菌(性)痢疾, 菌痢

An infectious disease caused by bacteria of the Shigella species and characterized by blood diarrhea. The disease is common in, but not restricted to, tropical regions.The worst case is usually that caused by S. Dysenteriae I. Stool mucus, abdominal pain, tenesmus and dehydration may also be present. Identical symptoms can, however, be produced by other bacteria.

Blood-brain barrier:  血脑屏障

The barrier exists between the blood and the central nervous system, the brain and the spinal cord.

Cast:  管型

A positive copy or likeness of a hollow organ (a renal tubule, bronchiole, etc), which is formed of effused plastic matter and extruded from the body.A urinary cast can be a bacterial cast ,  a hyalin cast , a cell cast ,a epithelial cast or a fatty cast.

Cerebrospinal fluid:  脑脊液

CSF is a clear colourless fluid contained in the subarachnoid space and ventricular system of the brain and spinal cord.

Cholera:  霍乱

A contagious disease caused by Vibrio Cholerae, which produces a toxin that alters the water and electrolyte fluxes toward secretion in the upper intestinal tract, thereby causing a profuse,watery diarrhea resulting in severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. The disease is endemic in southeast Asia and India and epidemic globally. It is commonly transmitted in contaminated drinking water.

Chylous effusion:  乳靡渗出

A large collection of lymph fluid in the serous cavity, sometimes secondary to blockage of the main lymph duct or injury to it.

Cryptococcal meningitis:  隐球菌性脑膜炎

Cryptococcal inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis, when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis or meningitis proper.

Epithelial cell:  上皮细胞

A kind of cell constitutes epithelium that is a membranous cellular tissue, which covers a free surface or lines a tube or cavity of an animal body.There are several types: columnar epithelial cell, squamaus epithelial cell, transitional epithelial cell and tailed epithelial cell.

Exudates:  渗出物,渗出液

Material, such as fluid, cells or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation.An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells or solid materials derived from cells.

Glycosuria:  糖尿

Excretion of abnormal amounts of glucose or other sugars in urine.

Hemoglobinuria:  血红蛋白尿

The presence of free hemoglobin or its derivatives in urine. The urine is dark brown in color. Hemoglobinuria should be differentiated from lysis of erythrocytes during hematuria by dilute or alkaline urine.Hemoglobinuria may result from toxins, some infections, incompatible blood transfusions, extensive burns, excessive physical exertion, and as a feature of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria,or paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. Sudden hemoglobinuria may be a primary cause of a contributing factor to acute renal failure.

Lumbar puncture:  腰椎穿刺

A diagnostic procedure where a sterile needle is introduced into the lower spine (L2) to collect cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes.Chemical analysis, cellular analysis and CSF pressure can all be measured with this procedure. This test can aid in the diagnosis of meningitis, subarachnoidhemorrhage and multiple sclerosis.

Microscopic hematuria:  显微镜性血尿

Excretion of urine containing blood, which can be demonstrated only by the microscope and usually equal or more than 3/HPF.

Myoglobinuria:  肌红蛋白尿

The presence of myoglobin in the urine, as in deficiency of muscle phosphorylase, in crush injuries, and after vigorous and prolonged exercise in susceptible persons.

Occult blood:  潜血, 隐血

Blood that is in the feces or vomitus that is not obvious by general inspection. Occult blood test is used as a diagnostic screening test for colon cancer and peptic ulcer.

Oliguria or anuria:  无尿症,无尿少尿

Oliguria: scanty urine excretion. It may occur in acute renal failure, dehydration, shock, congestive heart failure, and urinary tract obstruction in the urethra,in bilateral ureteral obstruction or in unilateral renal obstruction if only one kidney is functional. Usually urine volume is less than 0.4L/24 hours or 17ml/hour.Anuria: the absence of urine formation. Usually urine volume is less than 100ml/24 hours. It may result from urethral obstruction, bilateral cortical necrosis, or severe acute glomerulonephritis.

Polyuria:  多尿症

The formation of urine in abnormally large volume, reflected by frequency and as wellas by volume of urination. Usually urine volume is more than 2.5L/24 hours.

Pregnancy test:  妊娠试验

A laboratory examination to confirm whether a woman is pregnant.

Proteinuria:  蛋白尿

Urinary excretion of abnormal amounts of protein. Normally protein screen test is positive when up to 150 milligrams of protein be excreted per 24 hours.Persistent proteinuria is an important sign of renal disease, either primary or related to systemic disorders.

Purulent meningitis:  化脓性脑膜炎

Bacterium inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis, when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis or meningitis proper.

Specific gravity: 比重

A measure of concentration, it is the weight of a substance as compared (as a ratio) with that of an equal volume of pure water.

Tarry stool: 柏油样粪,血便

When upper digestive tract bleeds over 50 ml, erythrocytes are destroyed by gastrointestinal fluid and hemoglobin is released.Then hemoglobin degrades to hemachrome, porphyrin and iron. Iron combine with sulfide to become iron sulfide. The stool, mixture of iron sulfide and intestinal mucus, shows a tarry appearance.

Transudate:  漏出液

A transudate is derived fluid substance from plasma, which has passed through a membrane or been extruded from a tissue.

Urinalysis:  尿分析(法),尿检验

A laboratory examination of urine, usually a screening routine for unselected urine specimens. Variables evaluation are color, concentration as indicated by specific gravity or osmolality ,PH , and the presence of a variety of chemical constituents , especially sugar , protein , and blood. A microscopic examination of formed elements is often included.

Urobilin:  尿胆素

An oxidized form of urobilinogen found in the feces and sometimes in urine left standing in the air.

Urobilinogen:  尿胆素原

A colorless compound formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin. Some is excreted in the feces, where by oxidation it becomes urobilin;Some is reabsorbed, excreted in the urine as urobilinogen and re-excreted in the bile as bilirubin. The urobilinogen in the urine may be later oxidized to urobilin.

·Part 4. Clinical kidney function test

肾脏功能检验

 

Azotemia： 氮质血症

The accumulation of nitrogenous wastes such as urea and creatinine in blood, resulting from renal function disorder.

Bence-Jones protein:  Bence-Jones蛋白

These proteins are dimers of immunoglobulin light chains, normally produced by plasma cells. Bence-Jones proteins are sufficiently small to be excreted by the kidney. It is a characteristic protein found in the urine of most patients with multiple myeloma. It can be used to help in diagnosis of the disease and to monitor the response to treatment.

Broad cast (renal failure cast):  宽管型

A cast approximately four times as broad as the usual cast, formed in a collecting tubule. The presence in urine of large numbers reflects end-stage renal disease.

Cellular cast： 细胞管型

A cast in which there are red blood cells or/and white blood cells et al.

Charge barrier: 电荷屏障

The glomerular basement membrane possesses negatively charged sites that restrict the filtration of macromolecules carrying negative charge (e.g. albumin).

Chyluria:  乳糜尿

The presence of chyle in the urine. Chyluria results from rupture of lymphatics in the presence of obstruction of the upper abdominal or thoracic lymph flow due to any cause. Thus chylus leaks into the renal pelvis. The presence of chyle causes the urine to appear milky.

Concentration and dilution test:  浓缩稀释试验

One of the distal nephron function test. Distal nephron regulates the body water balance mainly by its concentration and dilution function. The estimation of reduction in concentrating and diluting ability of the kidney can provid the sensitive means of detecting early impairment in renal function.

Creatinine:  肌酐

Creatinine is the product of creatine metabolism. It is freely filtered at the glomeruli and is not reabsorbed by the tubules. The amount of creatinine per unit of muscle is constant and the concentration of plasma creatinine is stable.

Cystatin C:  半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C

γ-trace protein, post-γ-globulin. A family of human cystein protease inhibitors. Cystatin C is a basic microglobulin with molecular weight of 13 KD. It shows a faint post-γ-band in the electrophoresis. Serum cystatin C is a muscle independent marker for GFR.

Endogenous creatinine clearance:  内生肌酐清除率

An evaluation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) obtained by measurement of the amount of plasma creatinine and its rate of excretion into urine. The amount of creatinine produced by endogenous protein metabolism is relatively constant.

Fat cast :  脂肪管型

A cast, in which cellular elements have degenerated into lipid droplet-appearing material, reflecting advanced renal parenchymal disease.

Granular cast:  颗粒管型

A cast characterized by the presence of fine or coarse granules, usually tubular, representing degeneration of cells, previously incorporated into the cast. Granular cast reflects parenchymal renal disease.

Hyaline cast ： 透明管型

A clear, lightly refractile cylinder best seen in the urinary sediment upon microscopic examination under low lighting. Hyaline casts are composed mainly of Tomm-Horsfall protein, a mucoprotein of tubular origin, but also may contain other serum proteins. Their rate of formation depends on the degree of proteinuria, the urine flow rate and pH. They dissolve rapidly at alkaline situation. Although usually associated with renal parenchymal.

Isosthenuria:  等渗尿, 等张尿

The urine having the same osmolality (about 300 mosm/kg H₂O) as the normal plasma.

Jaundice ： 黄疸

Yellow discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from hyperbilirubinemia and subsequent deposition of bile pigment in the involved structure.

Ketonacidosis:  酮症酸中毒 

A metabolic acidosis associated with an accumulation of ketone bodies that is characteristic of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

Ketonemia ： 酮血症

Also acetonemia. An increased concentration of acetone in the blood seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and in starvation.

Ketonuria ： 酮尿

The excretion of ketone bodies in the urine, as seen in starvation, fever and diabetes mellitus.

Light chain: 轻链(免疫球蛋白)

Usually means the lighter of the two types of polypeptide chains that are found in immunoglobulin or antibody molecules. Also used as a nonspecific term for the smaller subunits of several proteins such as immunoglobulin, myosin, dynein, clathrin.

Glomerular filtration rate:  肾小球滤过率

The rate in milliliters per minute at which plasma substances are filtered through the glomeruli into the proximal tubule.

Low molecular weight protein:  低分子量蛋白

A group of urinary proteins whose molecular weight are below 50KD (e.g.α1-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, etc).

Microalbumin:  微量白蛋白

Microalbumin is defined as an elevated albumin excretion in urine (30mg~300mg/24h), that is not detectable by urine dipstick test. Urinary microalbumin is an early sign of renal injury, and a marker of renal disease progression.

Mosenthal test:  莫氏试验

A concentration function test. Allow the patient to have an ordinary food and fluid intake. Collect separately the urine voided by the patient every 2h in the day and the total urine in the night. Measure the specific gravity and the volume of each of the urine specimens.

Non-selective proteinuria:  非选择性蛋白尿

Proteinuria characterized by the excretion of proteins with a wide range of molecular weights, usually but not exclusively associated with diffuse proliferative and membranous types of glomerulonephritis.

Inulin clearance:  菊粉清除(率)

Polysaccharide inulin is the substance filtered freely at the glomeruli, but is not secreted or absorbed by tubules.The inulin clearance is the most accurate estimation of GFR up to now. But the test is cumbersome, time-consuming and uncomfortable to the patient.

Osmolality:  重量克分子渗透压浓度

Osmolality is used to identify the number of moles of particles per kilogram of water. The osmolality of a solution does not depend on the kind of particles of a substance or its electrical charge, but only on the number of particles.

Renal function： 肾功能

The primary function of kidney is to regulate the body's internal environment. The renal function consists of formation of urine, regulation of fluid-electrolyte balance and acid-base balance, excretion of waste products, and hormonal functions.

Renal threshold sugar:  肾糖阈

The point of sugar (glucose) concentration in the blood (8.88mmol/L in the normal) at which the kidney will excrete sugar (glucosuria); called also leak point.

Renal tubule acidosis:  肾小管酸中毒

A clinical syndrome characterized by inability to excrete acid urine, and by low plasma bicarbonate and high plasma chloride concentrations, often with hypokalemia.

Selective proteinuria:  选择性蛋白尿

Proteinuria is restricted to albumin and smaller globulins such as transferrin (molecular weight 99000). It is usually but not exclusively seen in lipoid nephrosis and in early glomerular injury.

Tubular proteinuria： 肾小管性蛋白尿

Failure of tubular reabsorption of normally filtered proteins. Usually less than 1g/24hours. Main clinical cause is the following: exogenous poisons (cadmium, Hg, some antimicrobials), endogenous metabolite (cystine, light chains etc), immunologic reaction (transplantation rejection, sarcoid) and congenital disease (Fanconi syndrome).

Urea:  尿素

Urea is the final product of protein catabolism. Blood urea concentration elevates in the presence of advanced renal function disorder.

Uric Acid： 尿酸

Uric acid is derived from the oxidation of purine bases. There is progressive increase of plasma uric acid level in the advanced renal insufficiency.

Urinary sediment ： 尿沉淀

The particulate material present in urine, separated by centrifugation. It consists of cells, casts, crystals and sometimes microorganisms. The quantity and composition of urine sediment undergo characteristic changes in many renal and non-renal conditions so that microscopic examination of the sediment of freshly passed urine is often a useful diagnostic procedure.

α₁-microglobulin：α₁-微球蛋白

A glycoprotein of 30000 daltons that formed in liver cells and lymphocytes. It can be freely filtered from the glomerular basement membrane and completely reabsorbed by the renal proximal tubules. When proximal tubule is injured, it will increase in the urine.

β₂-microglobulin：β₂-微球蛋白

β₂-microglobulin is a polypeptide of 11800 daltons that forms the light chain of class Ⅰmajor histocompatibility antigens and can therefore be detected on all cells bearing these antigens. Increased free β₂-microglobulin is found in the blood of some immunologic diseases and glomerular injury, but in the urine of patients with tubule injury.

Waxy cast :  蜡样管型

A cast in which cellular elements have degenerated into waxy-appearing material, reflecting advanced renal parenchymal disease.

Part 5. Clinical biochemistry test

临床生化检验

 

Acute coronary syndrome:  急性冠状动脉综合征

Acute coronary syndrome is a group of diseases, which include unstable angina pectoris, non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

AFP;alpha fetoprotein： 甲胎蛋白

A protein that is normally produced by the liver cells. It is one of the first alpha-globulins to appear in mammalian serum during development of the embryo and the dominant serum proteins in early embryonic life. They reappear in the adult serum during some pathologic states.

Agarose gel electrophoresis:  琼脂糖凝胶电泳

a A type of electrophoresis that uses a matrix of highly purified agar to separate large nucleotides in size.

Alanine aminotransferase： 丙氨酸氨基转移酶,丙氨酸转氨酶

An enzyme that is found primarily in the liver. It is released into the blood stream as the result of liver damage. Also called alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT).

Alkaline phosphatase:  碱性磷酸酶

An enzyme that catalyses the cleavage of inorganic phosphate non-specifically from a wide variety of phosphate esters and has a high (greater than 8) pH optimum. Found in bacteria, fungi and animals but not in higher plants.

Amylase： 淀粉酶

An enzyme produced mainly in the pancreas and salivary glands. It is a group of hydrolases that split complex carbohydrate constituted of α-D-glucose unit linked through carbon atoms 1 and 4 on adjacent glucose residues. Elevation of plasma amylase is common in conditions of pancreatic diseases, especially in acute pancreatitis. But attention of interpretation of serum amylase elevation must be given, because it also elevates in some other diseases.

Apolipoprotein:  载脂蛋白

The protein component of lipoprotein complexes.Apolipoproteins are important in the transport of lipids in plasma and determine lipoprotein particles metabolism by binding to specific receptors. They also act as cofactors for some enzymes.

Aspartate amino transferase：天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶

An enzyme that is found primarily in the liver. It is released into the blood stream as the result of liver damage. Also called aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT).

Bile acid:  胆汁酸

Bile acid has two styles: primary bile acid and secondary bile acid. Primary bile acids are the production of cholesterol conversion; secondary bile acids are generated by bacterium disintegration in the intestines.

Biological variation： 生物学上的变异

In genetics, deviation in characters in an individual from those typical of the group to which it belongs, also, deviation in characters of the offspring from those of its parents.

Cardiac troponin: 心肌肌钙蛋白

A complex of globular muscle proteins of the I band existing in the cardiac tissue inhibits contraction by blocking the interaction of actin and myosin; when combined with Ca²⁺, it modifies the position of the tropomyosin so that interaction takes place.

Diabetes mellitus: (拉)糖尿病

Relative or absolute lack of insulin leading to increased blood glucose and uncontrolled carbohydrate metabolism, which may lead to polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria and body weight loss.

Direct bilirubin:  直接胆红素, 结合胆红素

Bilirubin that has been chemically attached to a glucuronide in the liver. Normal direct bilirubin concentraion is 0 to 0.3 mg/dl. Greater than normal values can be seen in bile duct obstruction, cirrhosis, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Dubin-Johnson syndrome and hepatitis.

Electrolyte balance :  电解质平衡

At all times, the sum of the cations is equal to the sum of the anions; this is merely a statement of chemical equivalence and indicates that an isolated ionic change is highly improbable.

Enterohepatic circulation： 肠肝循环,肝肠循环

Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile.

Enzyme bilirublin separate： 酶胆分离

When the liver function is seriously damaged, ALT and AST level in serum are decreasing while bilirublin level in serum is increasing.

Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase:  γ-谷氨酰转肽酶

An enzyme contained in the liver that plays a role in metabolism. Elevated above normal in hepatitis.

Glutamate dehydrogenase： 谷氨酸脱氢酶

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of l-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH+ in the presence of NAD+.

Glycosylated hemoglobin:  糖化血红蛋白

The N terminal of hemoglobin is linkaged with a glycosyl group to form glycosylated hemoglobin.

Gray zone： 灰区

Gray zone means the result locates between the upper limit of reference range and the disease’ decision level.

Hemolytic jaundice： 溶血性黄疸

Jaundice caused by erythrocyte destruct.

High density lipoprotein:  高密度脂蛋白

Any plasma lipoprotein of density in the range of 1.061—1.21g/ml. Such lipoproteins also called “alpha-lipoprotein” contain about 50% of protein, 25% cholesterol and 5% fat. The major apolipoprotein is apo A. They are longer lived than lipoproteins of lower density, with half-life of some days. They originate in both liver and intestine. High concentration has inverse correlation with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Homocysteine:  同型半胱氨酸,

An amino acid that is important as an intermediate in metabolism of cysteine and methionine. In the breakdown of methionine it reacts with serine to form cystathinonine, and it can alternatively be methylated to yield methionine.

Hyperglycemia: 高血糖,高血糖症

Abnormally increased content of sugar in the blood. Glucose level is more than 7.0mmol/L.

Hyperkalemia: 高钾血症,

A high concentration of potassium in plasma, such as a concentration greater than 5.5mmol/L.

Hyperthyroidism： 甲状腺功能亢进

The abnormal condition resulting from hyperthyroidism marked by increased metabolic rate, enlargement of the thyroid gland, rapid heart rate, high blood pressure and various secondary symptoms.

Hyperparathyroidism： 甲状旁腺功能亢进,甲状旁腺功能亢进症

The over production of parathormone by the parathyroid glands. Usually secondary to an adenoma (an unregulated glandular tumour that produces parathormone in an increased quantity). Laboratory studies show an elevated concentration of calcium in the blood. Most patients are without symptoms. Symptoms in more advanced cases include lethargy, confusion, nausea, bone pain and weakness. Findings include hypertension and slow heart rate. Complications include pancreatitis, peptic ulcer disease and kidney stones.

Hypernatremia： 高钠血症

The concentration of sodium in the blood serum is more than 150mmol/L.

Hypoglycemia: 低血糖,低血糖症

An abnormally diminished content of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia and headache, accompanied by confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behavior and ultimately, convulsions and coma.

Hypokalemia： 低钾血

The concentration of potassium in the blood serum is less than 3.5mmol/L. It may be congenital, as in familial periodic paralysis, or acquired through intestinal or renal loss. Manifestations may include muscle weakness or paralysis, electrocardiographic abnormalities and impairment of renal tubular function.

Hyponatremia： 低钠血症

The concentration of sodium in the blood serum is less than 130mmol/L.

Impaired glucose tolerance: 葡萄糖耐量降低

Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) is a pathological condition that lies somewhere between what is classed as normal and diabetes mellitus.It is a disorder that predisposes and subsequently progresses to diabetes mellitus in many individuals.

Indirect bilirubin: 间接胆红素, 间型胆红素

Free bilirubin that has not been attached to a glucuronide. Greater than normal values of indirect bilirubin can be seen in erythroblastosis foetalis, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia,transfusion reactions, pernicious anemia and resolution of large hematomas.

Ion selective electrode: 离子选择电极

Ion selective electrodes measure the activity of different types of ions using Nernst's law, for example: pH electrode, K+ electrode, Na+ electrode etc.

Isoenzymes: 同功酶

One of the multiple forms in which an enzyme may exist in a different species, the various forms differing chemically, physically, and/or immunologically, but catalyzing the same reaction although with different affinities for the substrate. (For example, lactate dehydrogenase may exists in five different forms arising from different tetramer combinations of its two subunits.)

Kinetic method： 动力学方法

The study of reaction rates and the study of the relationship between force and mass. In clinical chemistry enzyme kinetic method means the study of relationship between reaction rate and activity of enzymes.

Liver cirrhosis: 肝硬变, 肝硬化

Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.

Liver function test： 肝功能试验

A test that measures the blood serum level of several enzymes and metabolites produced by the liver. An abnormal liver function test is a sign of possible liver damage.

Low density lipoprotein: 低密度脂蛋白

This lipoprotein also called “beta-lipoprotein” is the end product of VLDL. It is the major carrier of cholesterol, and its major apolipoprotein is apoB. Its density is in the range of 1.019 to 1.061g/ml. It is a risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Metabolic acidosis：代谢性酸中毒

Acidosis that arises from a disorder of metabolism in which acid (excluding carbonic acid) accumulates in, or bicarbonate is lost from extracellular fluid. It is distinguished from respiratory acidosis, in which the primary defect is retention of carbon dioxide.

Myoglobin: 肌红蛋白

The oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle, a conjugated protein resembling a single subunit of hemoglobin, being composed of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group (containing one iron atom); it combines with oxygen released by erythrocytes, stores it, and transports it to the mitochondria of muscle cells, where it generates energy by combustion of glucose to carbon dioxide and water.

Nephrotic syndrome: 肾病综合征

A type of nephritis that is characterised by low serum albumin, large amount of protein in the urine and swelling (edema). Swelling, weight gain, high blood pressure and anorexia are key features. Nephrotic syndrome can be seen with a number of illnesses that cause damage to the kidney glomerulus.

Obstructive jaundice： 阻塞性黄疸

In process of bilirubin evacuate, if bile duct is obstructed, bilirubin cannot excrete into duodenum and reflu into blood stream, which causes jaundice.

Oral glucose tolerance test: OGPT口服葡萄糖耐量试验

A 2 hour OGTT may be useful to identify a person with mild glucose intolerance who does not have hyperglycemia that can be documented by other means (e.g., 2 fasting glucose values over 7.0mmol/L, glycosuria with hyperglycemia, or elevated glycohemoglobin levels). The OGTT is especially important in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in children and pregnant women.

Respiratory acidosis： 呼吸性酸中毒

Acidosis resulting from carbon dioxide accumulation due to insufficient alveolar ventilation.

Respiratory alkalosis： 呼吸性碱中毒

Alkalosis resulting from reduced arterial and tissue carbon dioxide tension due to hyperventilation.

Systemic lupus erythematosus： 全身性红斑狼疮

An autoimmune disease, probably with antinuclear and other antibodies in plasma. Immune complex deposition in the glomerular capillaries is a particular problem.

Transaminase： 转氨(基)酶

A subclass of enzymes that catalyses the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally 2 keto acid) in a cyclic process using pyridoxal phosphate as cofactor,for example aspartate amino transferase catalyses the reaction: aspartate + ketoglutarate = oxaloacetate + glutamate.

Part 6. Clinical immunology test

临床免疫检验

 

Antibody:  抗体

An immunoglobulin molecule that has a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which it interacts only with the antigen that induced its synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells)or with antigen closely related to it. Antibodies are classified according to their action, such as agglutinins, bacteriolysins, hemolysins, opsonins, precipitins, etc.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome:  获得性免疫缺陷综合征

An epidemic disease caused by an infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HIV-2), a retrovirus that causes immune system failure and debilitation and is often accompanied by infections such as tuberculosis. AIDS can spread through direct contact with bodily fluids.

Allergen:  变应原,变态反应原,

An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate type hypersensitivity reaction (allergy).

Allergic disease:  变应性疾病

A state of hypersensitivity induced by exposure to a particular antigen (allergen) resulting in harmful immunologic reactions, the term is usually used to refer to hypersensitivity to an environmental antigen(atopic allergy or contact dermatitis) or to drug allergy. Gell and Coombs used the term allergic reaction to mean any harmful immunologic reaction causing tissue injury.

Antigen antibody reaction:  抗原-抗体反应

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some antigenic determinants and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

Antimitochondrial antibodies:  抗线粒体抗体

A special serologic test that measures the level of antibodies to mitochondria.

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody; ANCA : 抗中性粒细胞胞浆(成分)抗体

Autoantibodies directed against cytoplasmic constituents of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and/or monocytes. They are used as specific markers for Wegener's granulomatosis and other diseases, though their pathophysiological role is not clear. Anca are routinely detected by indirect immunofluorescence with three different patterns: c-anca (cytoplasmic), p-anca (perinuclear), and atypical anca.

Antinuclear antibody:  抗核抗体(抗核因子)

Antinuclear antibody is an antibody that reacts with components of the cell nucleus such as DNA, RNA, histone or non-histone proteins. These antibodies are present in a variety of immunologic or autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis and in persons taking hydralazine, procainamide or isoniazid. A serologic measurement for antinuclear antibodies can aid in the diagnosis of unexplained arthritis, rashes or chest pains.

Antismooth muscle antibody; ASMA:  抗平滑肌抗体

Sera from patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis contain antibodies to smooth muscle antigens that are detectable by indirect immunofluorescence on substrates that contain smooth muscle.

Anti streptohemolysin “O” test:  链球菌溶血素

A special serologic test, known as anti-streptolysin O, that measures the quantity of antibody to a component of streptococcal bacteria. A useful diagnostic test for scarlet fever, rheumatic fever and other streptococcal diseases.

Autoimmune disease: 自身免疫性疾病

Illnesses which occur when the body tissues are attacked by its own immune system. The immune system is a complex organization within the body that is designed normally to seek and destroy invaders, particularly infections.Patients with these diseases have unusual antibodies in their bloods that target their own body tissues.

Autoimmune hepatitis:  自身免疫性肝炎

A type of chronic active hepatitis that results from circulating auto-antibodies and chronic inflammation of the liver. Symptoms are those of chronic active hepatitis.

Blot hybridization:   印迹杂交

The process of joining two complementary strands of DNA or one each of DNA and RNA to form a double-stranded molecule. Technique in which single stranded nucleic acids are allowed to combine with sufficiently similar, complementary sequences so that complexes or hybrids are formed. By this means the degree of sequence identity can be assessed and specific sequences detected. The hybridization can be carried out in solution or on a gel, or most commonly on a nitrocellulose paper.

CA; carbohydrate antigen:  糖链抗原

Carbohydrate (chain) antigens are tumor-associated glycoproteins or mucins and their antigen activity is sugar moiety.

Carcinoembryonic antigen:  癌胚抗原

Carcinoembryonic antigen is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 180KD. It belongs to the carcinofetal antigens produced during embryonal and fetal development. It is a marker with a high sensitivity for many solid tumor.

Chemiluminescnet enzyme immunoassay:  化学发光酶免疫测定

In chemiluminescent immunoassay, signals can be amplified many-fold if labelled with an enzyme such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or alkaline phosphotase. The combination of chemiluminescent detection and enzyme amplification has produced some of the most sensitive assays developed to date.

Cold agglutination test:  冷凝集试验     

A test for blood antibodies which can lead to agglutination of red blood cell in cold environment.

Complement:  补体

A term originally used to refer to the heat labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody coated cells. Now it refers to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways.  The proteins of the classic pathway are termed components of complement and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9.

Core antigen:  核心抗原

The group of eight histones (protein molecules which act like spools for DNA to wrap around so that it can be compacted to fit within the nucleus) in the middle of a nucleosome  (which is the histone core particle plus the small segment of DNA wrapped around it).

Counter immunoelectrophoresis:  对流免疫电泳,逆向免疫电泳

An immunodiffusion technique in which antigen and antibody are driven toward each other in an electrical field and then precipitate.

DNA polymerase :  DNA多聚酶

Enzymes involved in template directed synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates. I, II and III are known in E. Coli.  III appears to be the most important in genome replication and It is important for its ability to edit out unpaired bases at the end of growing strands. Animal cells have any polymerases, with apparent responsibility for replication of nuclear DNA and for replication of mitochondrial. All these function with a DNA strand as template. Retroviruses possess a unique DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) that uses an RNA template.

Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay:  电化学发光免疫测定法

Electrochemiluminescent immunoassay: The competitive immunoassay is used in the immunoassay. First the sample is incubated with the ruthenylated monoclonal antibody, second, a analyte-biotin conjugate and streptaviden-coated magnetic microparticles are added to the mixture. During incubation, the analyte-biotin conjugate competes with the sample analyte for sites on the ruthenylated antibody and the analyte biotin-ruthnylated antibody complexes are bound to the streptavidin microparticles. The reaction mixture is aspirated into the measuring cell where the microparticles are captured with the aid of a magnet to the electrode surface. The measuring cell is washed free of unbound label and filled with assay buffer containing tripropylamine (TPA). In the next step, electrical voltage is applied to the electrode and chemiluminescent emission is recorded by the photomultiplier.

Enzyme immunoassay:  酶免疫测定

The enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) is serologic test used as a general screening tool for the detection of antibodies or antigens. The result is reported as positive or negative. ELISA technology links a measurable enzyme to either an antigen or antibody. In this way, it can then measure the presence of an antibody or an antigen in the bloodstream.

Fluorescent immunoassay： 荧光免疫测定

A highly sensitive method with fluorescenct substances as marker to be used to measure antigens and hormones.

Fluorescence polarization immunoassay:  荧光偏振免疫测定法

In fluorescence polarization immunoassay, the radiant energy is polarized in a single plane. When the sample (fluorophor) is excited, it will emit polarized light along the same plane as the incident light if the fluorophor is attached to a large molecule. In contact, a small molecule will emit depolarized light, because it will rotate out of the plane of polarization during its excitation lifetime.

Gonorrhoea : 淋病

Gonorrhoea is due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae which is transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo ovarian abscess .

Hemolytic toxin: 溶血毒素

Antibody capable of lysing erythrocytes in presence of complement. The term also includes other substances, e.g. bacterial toxins, which causes hemolysis.

Immune tolerance: 免疫耐受性,免疫耐受

The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.

Immunoblot assay: 免疫印迹技术

An electroblotting method in which proteins are transferred from a gel to a thin, rigid support (nitrocellulose) and detected by binding of labelled antibody.

Immunocomplex: 免疫复合物

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. If the antigen is polyvalent, the complex may be insoluble.

Immunodiffusion: 免疫扩散

An immunodiffusion technique in which antigen and antibody are freely diffuse toward each other in a suitable medium (usually an agar) and then precipitate.

Imunoelectrophoresis: 免疫电泳法,免疫电泳

A two-step procedure which first involves the electrophoretic separation of proteins, followed by the linear diffusion of antibodies into the electrophoretic gel from a trough which extends through the length of the gel adjacent to the electrophoretic path.The antigen-antibody reactions produce precipitin arcs at positions where equivalence occurs. This method can discriminate relative increases or decreases of antigens and find if there are specific antigens using known standards.

Immunofluorescence assay: 免疫荧光测定

A technique in which antigen or antibody is conjugated to a fluorochrome, and then allowed to react with the corresponding antibody or antigen in a tissue section or smear. The location of tissue antibodies or antigens can thus be determined by microscopic observation of the resulting pattern of fluorescence.

Immunofixation electrophoresis : 免疫固定结合电泳

An immunoelectrophoresis in which a series of post-electrophoretic gel slabs are layered with specific antibodies. The resulting antigen-antibody complexes fixed on the gel may then be stained, allowing sensitive and specific qualitative visual identification of paraproteins by electrophoretic position. It can be used to identify specific proteins in the blood or urine. It has greatest application in the identification (and monitoring) of monoclonal proteins that are produced in conditions like Waldenstom's macroglobulinemia and multiple myeloma.

Immunoglobulin： 免疫球蛋白

A specific protein that is produced by plasma cells to aid in fighting infection. Some immunoglobulins (gamma globulin)take part in various immune responses of the body to bacteria or foreign substances (allergens, tumor or transplanted tissue). Examples include IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE.

Immunoprecipitation: 免疫沉淀

The precipitation of a multivalent antigen by a bivalent antibody, resulting in the formation of a large complex. The antibody and antigen must be soluble. Precipitation usually occurs when there is near equivalence between antibody and antigen concentrations.

Indirect hemagglutination test: 间接血凝试验

A test used to detect antibodies to soluble antigens. Molecules of the latter are firmly attached to small particles of uniform size such as erythrocytes. Agglutination of these passive supports occurs when antibody to the antigen is present.

Latex agglutination test: 乳胶凝集试验

An agglutination reaction in which latex particles are used to passively absorb soluble protein and polysaccharide antigens.

Mixed connective tissue disease: 混合性结缔组织病

A syndrome with overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and raynaud's phenomenon.The disease is differentially characterised by high serum titres of antibodies to ribonuclease-sensitive extractable (saline soluble)nuclear antigen and a "speckled" epidermal nuclear staining pattern on direct immunofluorescence.

Monoclonal protein: 单克隆蛋白

Monoclonal immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin fragment, e.g. myeloma protein, immunoglobulin derived from an abnormally proliferating clone of neoplastic plasma cells.

Neuron specific enolase: 神经元特异性烯醇酶

Neuron specific enolase is a glycolytic neurospecific isoenzyme of enolase, It is produced in central and peripheral neurons, malignant tumors of neuroectodermal origin such as small cell lung carcinomas, neuroblastomas, intestinal carcinoids etc.  

Oncofetal antigen: 癌胚抗原, 肿瘤胚胎性抗原物质

Oncofetal antigen can be defined as antigen that are expressed during intra-uterine life, diminish strongly or disappear after birth and reappear in situations of repair or neoplastic growth in the organs where they appear (in the fetus) during gestation.

Passive agglutination: 被动凝集反应

A serologic test to demonstrate the presence of antibodies in the blood. It is dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum.

Polymyositis: 多发性肌炎

An inflammatory condition of muscle of unknown aetiology. Muscle pain and weakness are common symptoms of this condition. When associated with a skin rash, the condition is referred to as dermatomyositis.

Probe: 探针

General term for a piece of DNA or RNA corresponding to a gene or sequence of interest, that has been labelled either radioactively or with some other detectable molecule, such as biotin, digoxygenin or fluorescein. As stretches of DNA or RNA with complementary sequences (hybridise), a probe will label viral plaques, bacterial colonies or bands on a gel that contain the gene of interest.

Progressive systemic sclerosis: 进行性全身性硬化症

A multisystem disorder of unknown aetiology. It is characterised by fibrosis (scarring) of the skin, blood vessels and internal organs. Involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidneys and lungs is common..

Prostatic acid phosphatase: 前列腺酸性磷酸酶

Prostatic acid phosphatase as a marker for prostatic cancer, is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 97KD, its clinical usefulness is limited due to its low specificity and sensitivity.

Prostate specific antigen;PSA: 前列腺特异抗原

Prostate specific antigen is a 33KD intracellular glycoprotein, exclusively secreted by the prostate gland with protease activity. It is very useful in monitoring prostatic cancer.

Rapid plasma reagin: 快速血浆反应素

The rapid plasma reagin test is a test for diagnosing syphilis. This blood test is designed to detect an antibody in the blood stream when syphilis infection is present. Early syphilis infections may be RPR negative.

Rate nephelometry: 速率散射比浊法

Nephelometry is the measurement of turbidity or cloudiness. In rate nephelometry, a nephelometer electronically subtracts background signals. More precise measurement of turbidity is achieved by taking several measurements rapidly during the ascending phase of the precipitation reaction.

Radioimmunoassay： 放射免疫测定

Radioimmunoassay (RIA), highly sensitive laboratory technique used to measure minute amounts of substances including antigens, hormones, and drugs present in the body. The substance or antigen to be measured is injected into an animal, causing it to produce antibodies. Serum containing the antibodies is withdrawn and treated with a radioactive antigen and later with a nonradioactive antigen. Measurements of the amount of radioactivity are then used to determine the amount of antigen present.

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction: 反转录PCR

The process of copying information from RNA to DNA. Two synthetic oligonucleotide primers, which are complementary to two regions of the target RNA to be amplified, are added to the target RNA (that need not be pure), in the presence of excess deoxynucleotides and reverse transcriptase, a heat stable DNA polymerase. A cDNA is thus synthesised. Taking this cDNA as template, a normal polymerase chain reaction is triggered to form large amounts of daughter strands. The last result is the information transfer from RNA to DNA.

Sexually transmitted disease;STD: 性传播疾病

Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.

Single immunodiffusion test: 单向免疫扩散试验

A technique for quantitating antigens by immunodiffusion in which antigen is allowed to diffuse into agar containing antibody. The resultant precipitation ring reflects the concentration of the antigen.

Subclinical infection: 亚临床感染

An infection in which symptoms are sufficiently mild or inapparent to escape diagnosis other than by positive confirmation of the ability to transmit the infection serologically.

T cell subpopulation : T cell亚群

Term used to classify functionally or structurally different population of cells within a single cell type. It is used especially on T lymphocytes, e.g. helper T lymphocytes, suppressor T lymphocytes, etc.

Treponema pallidum: 梅毒密螺旋体

The cause of syphilis, this is a microscopic bacterial organism called a spirochete, a worm-like spiral-shaped organism that wiggles vigorously when viewed under a microscope.

Tumor associated antigen: 肿瘤相关抗原

Tumor-associated antigens represent specifically a group of tumor-associated glycolipids and mucins.

Vaccine : 菌苗,疫苗

A suspension of attenuated or killed microorganisms (bacteria, viruses or rickettsiae), administered for the prevention, amelioration or treatment of infectious diseases.

Weil-Felix test: 外-斐二氏试验; 斑疹伤寒血清凝集反应

A test involving agglutination of typhoid bacilli when they are mixed with serum containing typhoid antibodies from an individual having typhoid fever, used to detect the presence of Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi.

western blot: 蛋白质印迹

A technique similar to Southern blotting, though it is used for proteins.

Widal test: 肥达试验

Serological agglutination test for typhoid fever. The test is based on the presence of agglutinating antibodies against paratyphoid bacteria in the patient’s serum. It is mainly used for indirect confirmation of salmonellosis (as against typhus abdominalis, paratyphus, and brucelloses), but also for diagnosing infectional diseases like shigelloses, tularaemia and spotted fever.

Part 7. Clinical microbiology test

临床微生物检验

 

Acid fast staining: 抗酸性染色法

The acid–fast stain procedure is especially useful in identifying the mycobacterium tuberculosis. Acid-fast bacteria retains the color and appear red, non acid-fast bacteria appear blue.

Addition effect:  相加作用

In antibiotic action, when two or more antibiotics are acting together, the inhibitory effect on a given organism is the sum of those antibiotics acting independently.

Aerobe:  需氧菌,需氧微生物

Microorganisms whose growth requires the presence of air or free oxygen.

Anaerobes obligate: 专性厌氧菌

Organisms that can not use molecular oxygen, i.e., in the presence of air or oxygen, organisms thatcannot carry out respiratory metabolism.

Antagonistic:  对抗的,拮抗的

In antibiotic action, when two or more antibiotics are acting together, the production of inhibitory effect on a given organism is less than the effect of those antibiotics acting independently.

Antibacterial susceptible test:  抗菌药物敏感性

AST provide the activities of antimicrobial agents against microorganisms that have been isolated from clinical specimens. AST predicts the likelihood of successfully treating a patient’s infection with a particular antimicrobial agent.

Antifungal susceptibility test:  抗真菌药敏试验

Antifungal susceptibility test are similar in design to tests with antibacterial agent, but less evidence supports the clinical correlations of antifungal susceptibility test results with in vivo outcomes, so test results must be interpreted with cautions.

Antimicrobial agent:  抗微生物剂 

Chemicals or biological agents that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

Astidious bacteria: 难养菌

An organism difficult to isolate or culture on ordinary media because of its need for special nutritional factors, an organism with stringent physiological requirements of growth and survival.

Bacterial drug resistance:   细菌耐药性

Use of antimicrobial agents encourages the evolution of bacteria toward resistance, resulting often in therapeutic failure. Bacteria resistance can be intrinsic or acquired. Bacteria can resist antibiotics by different mechanism.

Bacteriemia :  菌血症

Condition in which viable bacteria presents in the blood.

Bacteriostat :  抑菌剂

Agents that inhibit the growth and reproduction of some types of bacteria but not kill the bacteria.

Capsule:  荚膜

A mucoid envelope surrounding certain microorganisms, which is composed of polypeptides or carbohydrates.

Clinical microbiology:  临床微生物学

The medical science relating to clinical microorganisms and human disease, focusing on isolation, identification of microorganism from clinical specimens and its susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.

Coagulase negative staphylococcus:  凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌

Coagulase negative Staphylococcus species constitute a major component of normal microflora of human. There has been an increase in the documentation of infection due to CoNS, especially with the species S.epidermidis. The infection rate has been correlated with the increase in the use of prosthetic and indwelling devices.

Combined infection:  混合感染

A patient infected with more than one kind of microorganism.

Combined susceptibility test:  组合的药敏试验

Combined susceptibility test is commonly used in treating unknown pathogenic microorganism and polymicrobial infection.

Culture:  培养

To encourage the growth of particular microorganisms under controlled conditions, the growth of

particular types of microorganisms on or within a medium as a result of inoculation and incubation.

Culture medium: (复metia)培养基

A liquid or solidified nutrient material that is suitable for the cultivation of a microorganism.

Differential medium: 鉴别培养基

Bacteriological medium on which the growth of specific type of organisms leads to readily visible

changes in the appearance.

Differential stain: 鉴别染剂

The use of multiple staining reactions to differentiate a kind of cells/ microorganisms from others.

Dysbacteriosis: 菌群失调症

Normal proportion of microbiological species in the intestinal tract changes into flora imbalance due to overuse of antimicrobial agents.

E test :   E试验

The E test is an in vitro method for quantitative anti-microbial susceptibility testing whereby a preformed antimicrobial gradient from a plastic-coated strip diffuses into an agar medium inoculated with the test organism.

Endospore: 内生孢子,(孢子或花粉)内壁

Spherical or oval structures formed within certain bacterial species that represent a dormant or “resting” stage in the growth cycle of the organism. When it is placed in a favorable environment in

the presence of particular stimuli, spore outgrowth occurs.

Enriched media: 增菌培养基

Any form of culture in a liquid medium that results in increasing proliferation of a certain kind of organisms while minimizing the growth of others.

Extended spectrumβ-lactamase: 超广谱β-内酰胺酶

The enzyme is generally responsible forβ-lactamase-mediated ampicillin resistance in E.coli and Klebsiella spp. Its gene can undergo simple point mutations that result in the production of novel b-lactamase capable of hydrolyzing extended –spectrum cephalosorins (e.g., cefotaxime, ceftazidime) and aztreonam. These enzymes are referred to as extended spectrum beta –lactamases.

Facultative anaerobe: 兼性厌氧菌,兼性厌氧微生物

Microorganisms capable of growth under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions, bacteria capable of both fermentative and respiratory metabolism.

Flagella: 鞭毛, 鞭节(昆虫)

Flexible, relatively long appendage on cell surface used for locomotion.

Garm's stain: 革兰(氏)染色

A method for bacteria staining by using a violet stain. The gram staining characteristics (denoted as positive or negative) can assist the identification of the offending bacteria.

Germicides: 杀菌剂(微)

Any physical or chemical agents capable of killing some types of bacteria.

Hospital infection: 医院内感染

Any acquired infection by patients that was neither present nor incubating on their admission.

Indifferent: 中性的, 无亲和力的

In antibiotic action, when two or more antibiotics are acting together, the inhibitory effect on a given organism   is same as the effect of those antibiotics acting independently.

Intermediate: 中介的

The intermediate includes isolates with antimicrobial agents MICs that approach usually attainable blood and tissue levels and for which response rates may be lower than for susceptible isolates.

Kirby-Bauer method diffusion : K-B 试验扩散法

A standardized antimicrobial susceptibility procedure in which a culture is inoculated onto the surface of Mueller-Hinton agar, followed by the addition of antibiotic impregnated discs onto the agar surface.

L-form bacteria: L型细菌

Atypical bacterial cells named by Lister Institute, where they were discovered. They are tiny mutant bacteria with cell wall deficiency. Certain chemicals and antibiotics can induce many bacteria to produce L-forms. Some L-form bacteria can revert to the original forms.

Metachromatic: 异染颗粒

Cytoplasmic granules of polyphosphate occurring in certain bacteria that stain intensively with basic dyes but appear a different color.

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus: 甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌

MRSA are resistant to all β-lactam agents, including cephalosporins and carbapenems. Methicillin resistance in S.aureus results from low affinity penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP 2a) encoded by mecA gene. MRSA isolates are often multiply resistant to commonly used antimicrobial agents, including erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline.

Minimal bactericidal concentration(MBC): 最小杀菌浓度

Lowest concentration of an antibiotic that will kill a defined proportion of viable organisms in a bacterial suspension during a specified exposure period.

Motility: 活力, 活率, 活动力

The capacity of independent locomotion for a microorganism.

Negative staining: 负染色法

Negative staining means that the cells repelled dye, but the background takes on the color. India ink and nigrosine are frequently used. Negative staining is particularly useful for viewing capsules and other structures that surround bacterial.

Normal flora: 正常菌群

Microbial populations most frequently found in association with particular tissues that typically do not cause disease; also known as indigenous microbial populations.

Selective medium: 选择性培养基

Some media have compounds added that favor the growth of specific microorganisms. The selectivemedia are widely used for the isolation of pathogenic microorganisms from clinical specimens.

Synergistic: 协同的,协同作用的

In antibiotic action, when two or more antibiotics are acting together, the inhibitory effect on a given organism is greater than the additive effects of those antibiotics acting independently.

β-lactamase: β-内酰胺酶

An enzyme that attacks a β-lactam ring and inactivate such antibiotics.

minimal inhibitory concentration: 抑制90%被检测菌株所需的最小药物浓度

Concentration of an antimicrobial drug necessary to inhibit the growth of a particular strain of microorganisms.

不过，我们这级的名解还是中文答的~

辛苦lz，不过实诊名解用中文答吧？

用英文答加分，嘿嘿

引用第13楼cctvhod于2007-01-29 19:45发表的:用英文答加分，嘿嘿

打不好不如用中文答得的分多