[杏林风采]四川大学与“远东第一牙科” [复制链接]

来源：光明日报
  以第一流牙医教育为目的，成为一个示范中心，毕业生可以和美、加各国的牙医毕业生在学业上竞争。——林则

　　林则（Ashley Woodward Lindsay，1884—1968），加拿大人，医学教育家、中国口腔医学创始人。多伦多大学牙医学博士、法学博士，1907年来华行医，在成都首创牙科诊所，1911年扩建为牙症医院。1917年创办华西协合大学牙医学科，后扩充为牙医学院，为中国现代口腔医学的发源地。1928年建立华西协合大学口腔医（病）院。历任华西协合大学校务长、牙医学院院长、教授。

　　距今99年前的春天，湍急的三峡长江里，有一只老旧的木船。它以十分迟缓的速度，被纤夫拉着逆流前进。在这只平凡的木船里，坐着一位年轻的牙医生，林则（A.W.Lindsay）博士，和他新婚的夫人林铁心女士。他们都是加拿大人，被加拿大英美会派到成都去工作。面对三峡险峻的岩壁，急湍的江水，陌生的人物，他们又惊又喜，犹如站在了炼狱的大门，既有豪情万丈，又有壮士一去不复返的悲怆。经过一月的木船水程及半月的“滑竿”（简易的竹制轿子）陆程，终于走完了“难于上青天”的蜀道，而到达了成都，这一年正是1907年5月18日 。

　　一、千里之行，始于足下：第一个来中国的牙医传教士

　　到成都后，这位年轻的牙医生，满以为可以开始他的事业了。按教会的规定，林则首先要学习当地语言，必须掌握中文才能给中国人看病，而这样的语言训练通常需要两年。而且，作为第一位到中国的牙医传教士，他发现同事们对他的到来持怀疑、甚至反对的态度，还有，中国人会不会排斥牙医生？更是个未知数。

　　即便是在美国，最受欢迎的并非像林则这样的专门医生，而是普通医生（general practitioner，亦称全科医生，它还有一个通俗的名字，也就是国人后来所戏称的“万金油医生”）。实际上当时成都的西方人也是这么认为的，他们说：中国、特别是四川，只需要普通医生，并不需要牙科医生，因此强迫林则急速回国，这是林则在中国遭受的第一次打击。幸运的是，许多传教士的胶托假牙已经破坏，急待修理，才将这位险遭“驱逐”的牙医生留了下来。　　

　　就是这位险些被教会遣返的年轻牙医，以惊人的勇气和毅力，揭开了中国牙医学史上新的一页。早在1892年，启尔德医生已在成都四圣祠建立有仁济医院，在启尔德医生的帮助下，分出一房间作为林则的牙科诊所。时值清朝末年，按照中国传统，男女授受不亲，诊所必须有两间诊疗室，一间男士用，一间女士用，医院认为中国妇女不会找牙科医生看病，就把上下楼不方便的四楼给他。出人意外的是，林则先生开诊当日第一位病人却是位妇女：检查时林则发现她患了十多年的牙槽脓肿，牙槽骨质破坏，充满脓液，据说服用了大量中药没有任何好转，病人既痛苦又绝望。幸运的是，通过拔牙和彻底的刮除术处理，她的病情迅速好转，不久就康复了。林则整洁、优雅的个性，手到病除的精湛技艺，很快声名大噪，求医者日见增多。

　　林则不出诊，使成都的官太太、富小姐很是不满，按礼法女眷不允许离开高墙院宅，都是请医生上门出诊。总督率先将患有下鄂坏死的侄女送来求医，打破了这一传统。每次这位显赫的女士来牙医诊所时，总是跟着一大批仆人、护卫，如此招摇过市引来了满城风雨，从此女病人上牙科诊所就不足为奇了。以后女病人数目不亚于男病人。

　　林则到四川仅三年，他的牙医工作就得到教会认可。对林则的勤劳及热心，十分赞许，因此立准林则所请——在四圣祠礼拜堂左侧，为他建筑一所独立的牙症医院。当牙症医院即将落成之时，四川保路风潮大起，林则夫妇远赴上海避难。所幸风暴之后，社会秩序不久恢复，林则夫妇再返成都，主持牙症医院的揭幕典礼，该院成为西南地区首家正式的牙症专门医院。后来又新建口腔医院，分有五大部门，号称“远东第一”。

　　二、筚路蓝缕，以启山林：做医学家，而不要当匠人

　　牙症医院墙壁上曾有一幅令人捧腹的“护齿广告”：一个面黄肌瘦的四川老财，手捧饭碗，开口大笑，露出口中唯一的一颗蛀牙……这幅“无齿之图”让围观者感受到自己牙齿松动的恐惧。虽然，当时中国缺少“万金油医生”，更缺少专门的牙科医生，如果按同时的美国芝加哥城相比，每千人中有一牙医生为标准，则中国所需牙医生在数百万，所需的牙症医院也在数十万。有十万人口的成都，惟有林则一个牙医、埋头苦干于狭小的牙症医院，他身兼医师、教师、助手、护士、技师诸事，可谓一筹莫展。

　　鉴于过去所训练的中国牙医生，类似于旧式的学徒，不易获得丰富的知识与优越的出路，所以林则与华大商酌，在大学开展牙科教育，培养牙医生人才。1921年中国有了自己的第一个牙科医生黄天启，他也是亚洲第一个牙科毕业生。牙医学科也吸引了许多女生。这些女牙医似乎比男医生更温柔，更受病人欢迎。在中国任何其他一所大学的一个系或者学院开设牙科之前，现代科学的牙科教育已经在华西协合大学牢固地扎下了它的根基。林则对牙医生抱有五种期望：1、在中国推广现代牙医学治疗和修复。2、办高等牙医学教育。3、开展预防牙医学。4、开展牙医学科学研究。5、要做医学家，不要当匠人。正因为林则这样办学，至今中国口腔医学人才，许多是从华西毕业的学生。早在上个世纪二十年代末期华西牙学院苏联、匈牙利、朝鲜、印尼等国招收留学生，是我国接受外国留学生学习现代科学技术最早的地方之一。

　　三、率先垂范，一世师表：“中国现代牙医学之父”

　　1950年已届60岁的林则告别华西，返回本国，在华服务时间长达40年，被誉为“中国现代牙医学之父”。林则当年创办华西协合大学牙学院即今日四川大学华西口腔医学院（华西口腔医院），集口腔医学院、口腔医院、口腔医学研究所三位一体，其规模、技术、师资、设备已是今非昔比，然先驱者的功绩却铭记在中国牙医历史上：“他（林则）的名字作为科学的牙科学之父受到占世界人口四分之一民众们的尊敬”，著名国际友人文幼章（J. D. Endicott）就这样评价道。1999年在华西口腔科教大楼前，特别为林则铸造了一铜像，以纪念他对中国现代口腔医院的创立与发展做出的杰出贡献。

中国现代牙医学之父
牛人啊

http://www.dentalresearch.org/about/iadr/history/ch14.html
THE CHENGTU SECTION－International Association for Dental Research (IDAR)

The inauguration of the "China Section of the IADR" took place in 1934 at the School of Dentistry of the College of Medicine and Dentistry, West China Union University, at Chengtu, the capital of the densely populated province of Szechwan in western China. This large city has a history extending far back into the life of ancient China. Its high walls and great gates stood massively in a fertile plain, the basin of a prehistoric lake, surrounded by mountains. For long centuries, Chengtu has been one of the three major educational and cultural centers of China (Peking in the North, Nanking in the East, and Chengtu in the West). It was through perhaps fortuitous circumstance that this western center was the site of the first organized and university-level school of Dentistry in the whole of China. In this large and originally Western-sponsored university there was a fine medical school with excellent basic science teaching. A Canadian missionary dentist, Ashley W. Lindsay, in 1918 sensed the basic need in China for formal, standard-creating dental education. Over some years, other Western dental educators from different countries, and in other fields, participated. Qualified male and female Chinese students were given instructional and research training, often including overseas study and experience. Their degrees of M.D. or of D.D.S. were also recognized by the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York, which facilitated subsequent graduate study in America. The courses interrelated so closely that a common and creatively linked biological and clinical foundation was provided. Graduates in Dentistry, many with extensive graduate training, are now active in dental education and in scientific investigation in various parts of mainland China and abroad.

The IADR Section, although never large in number, included members from the Faculties of Dentistry, Medicine, and Science. For example, in 1937 the membership consisted of Mary C. (Mrs.) Agnew, R. Gordon Agnew, H. Bruce Collier, Leslie G. Kilborn, Ashley W. Lindsay, and Harrison J. Mullett. Three of these men were honored by being designated Honorary Vice-Presidents of the IADR: R. G. Agnew, 1933-37, 1939-44; A. W. Lindsay, 1937-38; and H. J. Mullett, 1938-39. Research in dentistry, while actively conducted by Western professors familiar with occidental patterns of investigation, had, of course, to be encouraged, and gradually over the years the enthusiasm for orderly scientific enquiry grew very considerably, and publications of merit have appeared in the literature.

In terms of field research, the Tibetan mountains and plateaus offered great incentive from the standpoint of investigations relevant to Dentistry—dental and oral epidemiology, systemic interrelations, ecologic factors of habitat (high altitudes, living conditions, diet, occupation, communication), of overall health and disease, of psychologic and philosophic status. (For example, R. Gordon Agnew, Professor of Pathology, West China Union University, 1924-46, conducted some seven expeditions into Eastern Tibetan country.)

The political changes since 1949 in mainland China, and the collapse of communication, have unhappily closed doors to the Western World, to the detriment of all concerned. Thus, the Chengtu Section was doomed, and it involuntarily dissolved in 1949.

The stimulus, guidance, and "excitation" offered to Dentistry through the IADR has been increasingly productive in many parts of the world. The existence of the Chengtu Section was symbolic of a much-needed professional and scientific discipline in the development of Dentistry in China.

R. G. Agnew, now Professor Emeritus, University of California, San Francisco campus, School of Dentistry and School of Medicine, looks forward hopefully to an early opportunity to revisit mainland China and to offer assistance toward the reestablishment of communication and cooperation in research and education between mainland China, America, and dental centers internationally.

川大的口腔!