从老师课件上整理的
1、 Active immunity(主动免疫）: Immunity that is induced by exposure to antigens in which the immunized individual plays an active role in responding to the antigen。
2、 Passive immunity：An individual receives antibody or lymphocytes from another individual who was previously actively immunized
3、 Antibody：a type of glycoprotein molecule, also called immunoglobulin (Ig) , produced by B cells that bind antigens often with a high degree of specificity
4、 New definition of immunity Immunity is the ability to respond to foreign substances( antigen), including microbes , as well as to macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides, mediated by immune system, regardless of the physiologic or pathologic consequence of such a reaction
5、 Immune response:A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by cells and molecules
6、 Immunology Immunology is studying the cellular and molecular events that occur after an organism encounters microbes and other foreign macromolecules
7、 Mucosal immune system, also named as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, MALT) is in the epithelia , lamina propria and submucosal area of gastrointestinal, respiratory and genitourinary tract
8、 Lymphocyte homing The process by which particular subsets of lymphocytes selectively enter some tissues but not others is called lymphocyte homing
9、 lymphocyte recirculation The continuous movement of lymphocytes between blood stream and peripheral lymphoid tissues is called lymphocyte recirculation
10、 Central immune organs or primary lymphoid organs The site that lymphocytes generate and mature into functional cells Bone marrow and Thymus
11、 Peripheral immune organs or secondary lymphoid organs and tissues The sites that T and B lymphocytes reside in and respond to antigens spleen , lymph nodes , mucosal immune system
12、 Antigen: non-self substances which can combine with TCR or BCR or Ab and have the potential of inducing immune response .
Antigen
Tolerogen
Allergen
13、 Immunogenicity An ability of antigen which can stimulate the body to evoke a specific immune response (Ab or effect T cells).
14、 Immunoreactivity (Antigenicity) An ability of antigen which can combine with corresponding Ab or sensitized T lymphocyte.
15、 Hapten: Only possess immunoreactivity
16、 Antigen determinants (epitope) are small particular chemical groups existing in antigen which combine with TCR/BCR or Ab.
17、 Epitope: decide the specificity of the antigen ，a subtle change of antigenic determinant (characteristics, number and conformation) can influence the specificity of Ag. Antigen determinant is the combining site of Ag and Ab
18、 T cell epitope ：Antigenic Determinants recognized by T cells(TCR)
Composition:
Peptides
Sequential determinants(Exist in anywhere of Ag)
Processed MHC presentation-
Size 8 -23 residues
19、 B cell epitope：Antigenic Determinants Recognized by B cells and Ab
Composition
peptide, polysaccharides, nucleic acids
Sequential determinants or Conformational determinants (existed on the surface of Ag)
Recognized directly No MHC
Size 5-7 residues
20、 Conformational determinants are formed by amino acid residues that aren’t in a sequence but become spatially juxtaposed in the folded protein.
They are normally exist on the surface of antigen molecules.
They are recognized by B cells or antibody.
21、 Sequential (or linear) determinants：Epitopes formed by several adjacent amino acid residues are called linear determinants.
They are exist on the surface of antigen molecules or inside molecules.
They are mainly recognized by T cells, but some also can be recognized by B cells.
22、 Commom antigen : the same or similar epitopes among relative antigens are called common antigen.
23、 Cross reaction: The antibodies induced by one kind of antigen can react with other antigen because of presence of common determinant between two antigens
24、 Heterophilic Ag (forssman Ag)：-common Ags are shared by different species-no specificity of species Significance : immunopathology ，Diagnosis
25、 .Antibody：a type of glycoprotein molecule, produced by B cells that bind antigens often with a high degree of specificity The basic structural unit of antibody is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains
26、 Tumor specific Ag, TSA--only express on the tumor cells but normal cells
27、 Tumor associated Ag,TAA：Its express is high on tumor cells but low on normal cells, eg. AFP CEA
28、 Superantigen (SAg) :Antigens that can non-specifically stimulate polyclonal T/B cells and induce a very strong Ir with a extremely low concentration
29、 Immunoglobulin, It refers to all globulins that possess the bioactivity of Ab or a similar structure to Ab Therefore, all Abs belong to Igs, but not all Igs possess the functions of Abs
30、 Hypervariable region (HVR) ：Most of the sequence differences among antibodies are confined to three short stretches in the V regions of heavy and light chains are called HVR. Because these sequences form an antigen-binding surface that is complementary to the three-dimensional structure of the bound antigen, HVR are also called Complementarity –determining regions, CDRs
L chain possesses 3 CDRs：CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3
H Chain possesses 3 CDRs : CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3
31、 CDR , complementarity –determining regions
The three short stretches in the V regions of Ig that contain most of the sequence differences among Igs are called CDR because these sequences form an antigen-binding surface that is complementary to the three-dimensional structure of the bound antigen
32、 domain of Ig ：the Polypeptide chains of Ig are folded by intrachain s-s bond into globular shape in each 110aa regions which is called a domain ,
33、 Polyclonal Ab:a mixture of Abs with different specificities and affinities ,generated in a natural response or artificial immunization
34、 Monoclonal Ab:Abs produced by single B cell clone (or one hybridoma clone ) possess same structure and specificity
35、 mAb / McAb :Prepared by hybridoma technique:Immunized spleen cells (B) fuse with myeloma cells and form hybridoma with property of proliferating and producing antibody
36、 genetic engineering Ab:Abs prepared by the method of gene recombination
37、 Isotype of Ig ：the epitope of Ig in all healthy individuals of a species is called as isotype，This is a kind of species specificity which exists in C region of immunoglobulin, including class, subclass, type, subtype
38、 Allotype:
The property of a group of antibody molecules defined by their sharing a particular antigenic determinant found on the antibodies of some individuals but not others of a species.This is a kind of individual specificity within a species which exists in C region of immunoglobulin
39、 Idiotype of Ig :Igs produced by one B cell clone possess unique structure respectively in hypervariable region(HVR) ,the unique structure of Ig is called idiotype of Ig
40、 complement system :A system of serum and cell surface proteins （including more than 30 proteins ) that interact with one another and with other molecules of the immune system to generate important effectors of innate and adaptive immune response .
41、 MAC: a lytic complex of the terminal components of the complement cascade, including C5,6,7,8 and multiple copies of C9, that forms in the membrane of target cells .The MAC causes lethal ionic and osmotic changes in cells. MAC: C56789
42、 Cytokines (CK): group of low molecule weight proteins with high activity and multiple functions that are produced by many different kinds of cells and that mediate immune response and inflammatory reaction
Lymphokines( 淋巴因子） monokines( 单核因子）
43、 Cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs):the cell surface molecules whose function is to promote adhesive interactions with other cells or the extracellular matrix and play crucial roles in cell interaction, recognition , activation and migration .Leukocytes express various types of adhesion molecules, such as selectins, integrins, and members of the Ig superfamily, cadherin.
44、 CD, cluster of differentiation Cell surface molecules expressed on various cell types that are designated as ‘cluster of differentiation’ or CD number (uses of McAb) The CD molecules is a group of cell surface molecules associated with the development and differentiation of the immune cells .
CD1-339
45、 .MHC (Major histocompatibility complex)
A cluster of genes which encode for major histocompatibility antigens and relate to immune response.
46、 .HLA (human leucocyte antigen)
The major histocompatibility antigens of human which are associated with histocompatibility and immune response.
47、 HLA complex
The MHC of human, a cluster of the genes which encode for HLA and relate to histocompatibility and immune response
48、 Anchor sites binding sites of an antigen peptide bound with antigen-binding grooves of MHC molecules
49、 anchor residues amino acids in the anchor sites bind to antigen- binding grooves of MHC molecules.
50、 innate immunity It‘s refered to the protection against infections that relies on the ability that exist before infection, and be capable of rapid response to pathogens ..Innate immunity is the first line of defence against infection
51、 PAMP:distinct structures or components that are common for many pathogens
e.g. LPS, proteoglycan, N-formylated peptides, double RNA of viruses et al.
52、 Pattern recognition receptors, PRR:the receptors that can recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns, locating on the surface of macrophages.e.g. mannose receptor, scavenger receptor, CD14, Toll like receptors et al.
53、 Antigen-presenting cells: cells that can process and present antigens (MHC-peptide) to T cells
nonprofessional APC
Professional APC Dendritic cell Macrophage B lymphocyte
54、 APC:expressing MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecules, present exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells, Including macrophages, dentritic cells and B cells
55、 TCR-CD3 complex: a group of membrane molecules on T cells that can specially bind to the antigen and pass an activation signal into the cells, consisting of TCR (ba,dg) and CD3( eg,ed, zz or zη)
56、 TCR: a kind of membrane molecule on T cells that can specially bind to the antigen (Recognize specifically with Ag-MHC complex)
57、 BCR complex
a group of membrane molecules on B cells that can specifically bind to the antigen and pass an activation signal into B cells, consisting of BCR and Iga-Ig b heterodimer
58、 BCR
membrane immunologlobulin on B cell, mIg: IgM, IgD,Iga-Ig b, (CD79),ITAM,transduce an activation signal
59、 Allelic exclusion:only one of the two alleles in homologous chromosomes can be expressed..
60、 isotypic exclusion:only one of the two types of light chain genes can be expressed
61、 adaptive immune response:It means a process in which, after antigen recognition, lymphocytes are activated, proliferate, and differentiate into effector cells ( or lost the ability of activation) that exert immune effect.
62、 CTL ( cytotoxic T lymphocyte) /(Tc) Development of membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules that contain proteins, including perforin and granzymes, whose function is to kill other cells. Secretion of cytokines, IFN-γ
63、 Immunological Tolerance: A type of specific unresponsiveness to an antigen induced by the exposure of specific lymphocytes to that antigen, but response to other antigens normally.
64、 Tolerogens: antigens that induce tolerance
65、 Clonal anergy:functional inactivation without cell death : lack co-stimulatory signal
66、 immunological ignorance :reactive lymphocytes and their target antigen are both detectable within an individual, yet no autoimmune attack occurs.
67、 immunological privilege:Privileged sites,Such as eyes, CNS ( central neural system) ,placenta, and testis.
68、 Immunoregulation The ability of the immune system to sense and regulate its own responses is called immunoregulation.
69、 Idiotopic determinant or idiotype: a unique determinant on an antibody or TCR molecule,usually formed by one or more of the hypervariable regions
activation-induced cell death（AICD）apoptosis of target cell :
FasL on Tc binds to Fas on target cells-----induce the apoptosis of target cell
Apoptosis of activated T cells
Fas is expressed on activated Tc
FasL on activated T cell binds to Fas on activated T cell and then induces T cell apoptosis. It is one of immunoregulation mechanisms .
70、 Hypersensitivity:An immune response that is heightened reactivity (exaggerate) to an antigen and can cause tissue injury or functional disorder is called hypersensitivity
71、 Tumor specific antigen:Antigens that are expressed on tumor cells but not on normal cells. Antigens induced by chemical, ( tumor-specific transplantation antigens,TSTAs)Products of mutated genesTumor antigens encoded by genomes of oncogenic viruses
72、 Tumor associated antigens:Tumor antigens that are also expressed on normal cells. Overexpressed cellular proteins and abnormally expressed proteins.Oncofetal antigens
73、 Direct recognition of alloantigens:Recognition of an intact MHC molecule displayed by donor APC in the graft.An allogeneic MHC molecule with a bound peptide can mimic the determinant formed by a self MHC molecule plus peptide.
74、 indirect recognition of alloantigens the donor MHC molecules may be processed and presented by recipient APCs that enter grafts, and the processed MHC molecules are recognized by T cells like conventional foreign antigens.
75、 HVGR( Host versus graft reaction) The immune system of the host recognizes a graft and initiates immune response to the graft, resulting in graft rejection.
76、 GVHR (Graft versus host reaction)Usually in bone marrow transplantation, immune cells in the graft can give immune response to the host.
77、 GVHD Usually in bone marrow transplantation, immune cells in the graft can give immune response to the host. The diseases caused by GVHR is called GVHD
