微生物名解
1.Microorganism微生物:are generally regarded as living forms that are microscopic in size and simple in structure
2.Mesosome中介体:invagination vesicular membrane, it can increase membrane area ,(G+ most) septal mesosome : cell division
3.Plasmid质粒:are extra-chromosomal,double-stranded,DNA molecules that can capatle of replicating independently of the bacterial chromosome,and is dispensable in the living bacteria, carrying some genes ,coding for some characteristics of bacteria
4.Heredity(inheritance)遗传:the “likeness” of the characteristics of progeny and parent
5.Variation变异:the “ difference ” between progeny and parent. It consists of heritable variation(genetic substance changes) and non-heritable variation( environment changes)
6.Bacteriophage噬菌体:Infecting bacterial virus (1)They have the viral common properties, smallest, simple structure:DNA/RNA, protein and parasite in living cell (2)widespread existence (3) high host –specific parasites
7.Virulent phage毒性噬菌体:replicate in cell and released in lysis of bacteria
8.lysogenic/temperate phage温和噬菌体: infected bacterial phage does not replicate, it’s gene integrated with bacterial DNA, its replication is associated with bacterial DNA.
9.Prophage前噬菌体:The DNA of temperate phage integrated into bacterial DNA. lysogenic phage, lysogenic bacteria
10.Virulence毒力:refers to extent of pathogenicity
11.Median lethal dose(LD50)半数致死量:The number of pathogens required to cause lethal disease in half of the exposed hosts is called an LD50.
12.Invasiveness侵袭力：The ability of bacterium to resist host defence, colonize, multiply and spread.
13.Toxemia毒血症:It is the presence of exotoxins in the blood.
14.Pyemia:脓毒血症:It is caused by pyogenic microorganisms in the blood.
15.Endotoxemia内毒血症:It is the presence of endotoxins in the blood.
16.Septicemia败血症:illness that occurs when poisonous substances (toxins) produced by certain bacteria enter the bloodstream.
17.Bacteremia菌血症:It is an invasion of the bloodstream by bacteria.
18.Inapparent infection隐性感染:Infection without clinical symptoms.
19.Virion病毒体:The basic infectious particle of a virus is known as the virion.
20.Infectious nucleic acid 感染性核酸:refers to some viral nucleic acid which can enter cells and reproduce new viruses.
21.Non-structural protein非结构蛋白:Code by virus; it is not the composition of virion. It can exist in virion and infected cell
22.Structural protein结构蛋白:the protein which is the composition of virion
23.Abortive infection顿挫感染：a virus infects a cell (non-permissive cell), but cannot complete the full replication cycle
24.Defective virus缺陷病毒：a defective virus is one that lacks one or more functional genes required for virus replication. defective virus require helper activity from another virus for some step in replication.
25.Interference干扰现象:The infection of cell by a virus results in that cell becoming resistant to infection by other viruses.
26.Recombination基因重组:the exchange of genes between two viruses which infected the same cell. ( active virus-active virus; active virus-inactive virus).
27.Reassortment基因重配:exchange of genetic material between two segmented viruses when infected the same viruses.
28.Prion阮粒:They are infectious particles that are composed solely of protein.
29.Horizontal transmission水平传播:Viruses transmit from person-to-person or animal to person
30.Vertical transmission垂直传播:Viruses transmit from mother to offspring through placenta , birth canal ,breast milk
31.Inclusion body包涵体:round, oval, or irregular-shaped bodies occurring in the cytoplasm or nucleus of virus-infected cells, can be seen under the microscope
32.Cytocidal effect杀细胞效应:virus which infect and replicate within cells causing the cells to lyse when the progeny virions are released.
33.Persistent viral infection持续性病毒感染:virus is continuously present in infected tissues and may be continuously shed from the infected host. viruses exist in the body for a long time (＞6 month) 1) latent infection潜伏感染:virus persists in a noninfectious form, which intermittence periods of viral reactivation and shedding, and patient may have periodic out-breaks of disease. HSV; VZV
2)chronic infection慢性感染:virus can be continuously detected, often at low levels; mild or no clinical symptoms may be evident. HBV; HCMV 3) slow virus infection慢病毒感染:with a long incubation period (years) followed by the onset of clinical illness and progressive deterioration, resulting in death in weeks to months. HIV；prion delayed complication after acute viral infection measles virus Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE):
34.Normal flora正常菌群:the microorganism that parasitize on the body surface or tracts connecting with external, don’t harm the host in ordinary condition
35.Flora disequilibrium (dysbacteriosis)菌群失衡:Balance of normal flora was broken. Reasons: widely use antibiotics, change their normal parasite sites. host immunity reduce.
36.Opportunistic pathogenic bacteria机会性致病菌:some bacteria are unable to cause infection in ordinary condition, but they can cause if: (1) they leave their ordinary habitant and gain access to other part. (2) host immunity reduce. (3)owing to the wide use of antibiotic, hormone and anti-cancer drugs
37.Hospital acquired infection(nosocomial infection)医院内感染:Infections acquired during hospital stays.
38.Complete phagocytose完全吞噬：The lysosomes fuse with the phagosomes containing the ingested microbes and the microbes are destroyed.
39.Un-complete phagocytose不完全吞噬:Some bacteria, such as Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium species, are more resistant to phagocytic destruction once engulfed.
40.Interferon（IFN）干扰素:A class of protein (glycoprotein ) produced by cells in response to viral infection or other interferon inducers that protected other cells of same species from attack by a wide range of viruses.
41.AVP抗病毒蛋白:They cannot act directly on virus, but through induction of antiviral proteins (AVP). AVP consists of :protein kinase 2,5-A synthetase
42.Neutralization antibody中和抗体:blocking the virus replication from binding and gaining entry to the host cell by the inhibition of penetration, uncoating
43.CPE细胞病变效应:The presence of the virus often gives rise to morphological changes in the host cell. Any detectable morphological changes in the host cell due to viral infection are known as a CPE
44.PFU(空斑形成单位)
45.Disinfection消毒:It is a process which reduces the number of contaminating micro-organisms, particular those liable to cause infection .
46.Sterilization灭菌:It is a process used to achieve sterility, an absolute term meaning the absence of all viable micro-organisms.
47.Asepsis无菌:a state of sterility (no living bacteria) aseptic technique
48.Antisepsis防腐:to inhibit growth and reproduction of bacteria in vitro .
49.Antigenic drift抗原性漂移:which are minor changes based on mutations in the genome RNA. It can not result in a new influenza A subtype and usually cause median or small epidemic of influenza.
50.Antigenic shift抗原性转换:which are major changes based on the reassortment of segments of the genome RNA. It can result in a new influenza A subtype and usually cause large scale epidemic of influenza.
51.Sabin vaccine口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗:An oral poliomyelitis vaccine consisting of live attenuated polio viruses. This vaccine uses live attenuated virus that is given by mouth. Sometimes as liquid drops in a sugar cube.
52.Coinfection同时感染:Occurs when a person becomes infected simultaneously with HBV and HDV.The most common outcome is complete recovery and clearance of both viruses. In less than 5% of cases, patients develop chronic infections. In about 1% of cases, infection results in fulminant hepatitis
53.Superinfection重叠感染:Occurs when a person who is already seropositive for HBV becomes infected with HDV.It is associated with more severe clinical outcomes than co-infection with HDV. Fulminant hepatitis develops in about 5% of cases. 80-90% of infections will become chronic, increasing the rate with which patients develop cirrhosis.The chance of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) also increases.
54.SPA (staphylococcal protein A)葡萄球菌A蛋白:It is a kind of cell wall protein, combines nonspecifically with the Fc-portion of human IgG anti-phagocytosis ,coagglutination
55.Coagulase凝固酶:Any bacteria component or product which causes coagulation in plasma(containingan anticoagulant such as citrate,heparin or oxalate. Staphylocoagulase.)
56. Coliform bacteria index( 大肠菌群指数):
57.Widal test(肥达试验):to detect the unknown Ab with given Ag.(O.H.HA.HB.HC)—tube agglutination
58.Tuberculin test 结核菌素试验:using OT or PPD to detect whether it can cause hypersensitivity IV of skin. This test in order to judge of body has immunity to tubercle bacillus.
59.BCG卡介苗:use the cow tuberculosis and culture it in the medium which contains potato ,glycerol and bile, through 230 generals ,13 years, the virulent virulent variation ,it still have immunogenicity but has no toxic, It’s a kind of living vaccines.
60.sulfur granule(硫磺样颗粒)
61.Weil-Felix reaction(外斐反应)
62.Chlamydiae衣原体:small non-motile prokaryotic microbes. fiterable through filter(with cell wall similar to G- bacillus)obligate intracellular parasite, unique life-cycle as elementary body and initial body.
63.Myoplasma支原体:the smallest free-living prokaryotic microbes that can grow in artifical media,no cell-wall. Fried-egg shape colony, filterable.
64.Conjugation接合:bacterial DNA is transferred from donor bacteria to recipient bacteria by sex pilus F plasmid sex pilus
65.Lysogenic conversion溶原性转换:The presence of prophage DNA constitutes a genetic alteration to the host cell
66.Transduction转导:Gene transfer from a donor to a recipient by way of a bacteriophage generalized transduction specialized transduction
67.Transformation转化:recipient B. takes up exogenous DNA of donor B.
68.HbsAg
69.HIVgp120:
*be associated with adsorption (binding site for CD4 molecule of T cells).
*be able to stimulate the production of neutralizing antibodies.
*easy variation.
70.bacterial L form:
71.Pyrogen热源质:polysaccharide of G- cell wall(LPS), anti-high temperature 121℃ , 30min, Fluid infusion reaction
