Thermal Equivalent of Oxygen氧热价
In the process of oxidizing food, Calories liberated per liter O2 consumed
Respiratory Quotient（RQ）呼吸商
In the process of oxidizing food, the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen used
CO2 produced (ml )
RQ ＝ ————————
O2 used(ml)
Non-Protein Respiratory Quotient（NPRQ）非蛋白呼吸商
In the process of oxidizing the carbohydrate mixed with fat in different proportion, the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen used
Specific Dynamic Action of protein 食物的特殊动力效应
After a meal that contains a large quantity of carbohydrates or fats, the metabolic rate usually increases only about 4 per cent. However, after a high-protein meal, the metabolic rate usually begins rising within 1 hour, reaching a maximum about 30 per cent above normal, and this lasts for 3 to 12 hours. This effect of protein on the metabolic rate is called the specific dynamic action of protein.
Protein: 30%; Mixed Food: 10%; Carbohydrate and Fat: 4-6%.
Basal Metabolism基础代谢
the basal Metabolism is the metabolism that occurs under the basal conditions.
basal metabolic rate (BMR)基础代谢率
The metabolic rate is usually measured under so-called basal conditions; the metabolic rate then measured is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR).
Body temperature体温
Body temperature means the average temperature in the “core” of the body, also called core temperature.
Radiation：辐射
loss of heat by radiation means loss in the form of invisible infrared heat rays, a type of electromagnetic wave. The quantity of heat lost by radiation is positively proportional to the temperature difference between the skin surface and surrounding object and the effective radiation area of the body surface.
Conduction：传导
the quantity of heat are normally lost from the body by direct conduction from the surface of the body to other cold objects. Affecting factors as follows
Convection：对流
The removal of heat from the body by convection air currents is commonly called heat loss by convection.
The wind velocity.
Evaporation: 蒸发
-insensible perspiration and sweating(sensible evaporation).
Evaporation means the loss of heat in the form of perspiration of water.
When the environment temperature≥skin temperature，evaporation is the only way of heat loss.
Insensible Evaporation：不感蒸发
also called insensible perspiration. Heat loss results from continual diffusion of water molecules through the skin and respiratory surfaces.
Sweating: or Sensible Evaporation. 发汗or 可感蒸发
Sweating means that the sweat gland secretes the sweat.
Thermal sweating:温热性发汗
The secretion of sweat by the small sweat glands in various parts of the body under hot environment is called thermal sweating.
Mental sweating:精神性发汗
The mental sweating means secretion of sweat by the sweat glands in special parts of the body, palm and sole of foot, during looking nervous and exciting.
Excretion:排泄
Loss of fluid from body in form of urine
Glomerular filtration:肾小球滤过作用
As blood flows through the glomerular capillary, the water and low-molecular weight solute in plasma，under driving of glomerular effective filtration pressure, move through filtration membrane into the Bowman’s capsule , this process is termed as glomerular filtration.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): 肾小球滤过率
The quantity of ultrafiltrate formed by both kidneys per unit time (each minute) is called GFR. In normal adult human , GFR average 125ml /min , 180L/day.
Filtration fraction (FF): 滤过分数
The ratio between glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow per minute is termed as FF.
FF = GFR/RPF(renal plasma flow). In normal human , FF is 19~20%
Filtration Membrane滤过膜
GFM consists of three layers- capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and epithelial cell (podocytes). They are both structural base and barrier of glomerular filtration .
Effective filtration pressure (GEFP)有效滤过压
GEFP is the net dynamics of glomerular filtration.
GEFP = glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (GCHP)
– glomerular capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure ( GCOP)
– Bowman’s capsula hydrostatic pressure
Filtration equilibrium滤过平衡
When the force opposing filtration become equal to the force driving filtration, the GEFP is zero, filtration ceases, which is called filtration equilibrium .
Reabsorbtion 重吸收
Process of returning filtered material to bloodstream
Secretion分泌
Material added to lumen of kidney from blood
Osmotic diuresis 渗透性利尿
When large amount of solute are present in tubular fluid, the increased osmotic pressure produced by the solute retards reabsorption of water and sodium, as a result, the quantity of urine increases, which is called osmotic diuresis.
water diuresis水利尿
Drinking a large amount of water causes the quantity of urine to increase, which is called water diuresis.
renal glucose threshold肾糖阈
When the plasma concentration of glucose is increased to a value, glucose first appear in urine, this value is called as renal glucose threshold, it is about 160~180 mg /100ml .
Glomerulotubular Balance球管平衡
The constant fraction (about 65% - 70%) of the filtered Na+ and water are reabsorbed in the proximal tubular, despite variation of GFR. This phenomenon is called glomerulotubular balance.
Tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF)管球反馈
The tubular fluid can feedback control the Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the renal blood flow (RBF).
Urine concentration: 尿浓缩
When there is a deficit of water and extracellular fluid osmolarity is high, the kidneys excretes a hyperosmotic urine and the quantity of urine decreases, which is called urine concentration.
Urine dilution: 尿稀释
When there is excess water in the body and body fluid osmolarity is decreased , the kidneys excrete a large volume of hypoosmotic urine , which is called urine dilution .
Sensory receptor 感受器
Sensory receptor is the specialized neural structures that receives the stimulus from the external world and transforms stimulus energy into electrical energy.
Including mechanoreceptor, thermoreceptor, nociceptor, electromagnetic receptor, chemoreceptor
adequate stimulus适宜刺激
The unique stimulus that activates a specific receptor at a low energy level.
The sensory threshold 感觉阈值
the minimum stimulus amplitude that generates action potentials in a sensory nerve.
Stimulus Transduction: 换能作用
The process by which specific stimulus energy is converted into an electrical signal;
receptor potential感受器电位
The electrical signal produced by the receptor is termed the receptor potential
Receptors Adaptation:感受器适应
if the stimulus persists for several minutes without a change in position or amplitude, its intensity diminishes and sensation is lost. It is an important neural basis of perceptual adaptation in which a constant stimulus fades from consciousness.
The Pupillary Light Reflex瞳孔对光反射
The pupil change its diameter with changing the amount of light entering the eye. When the light is strong, the diameter is small.
Near reflex of the pupil瞳孔近光反射
Pupillary constriction occurs reflexly when the eye accommodates for near vision.
Rhodopsin视紫红质
Rhodopsin is formed when 11-cis-retinal is combined with a glycoprotein. When rhodopsin absorbs light, it is “boosted” to a higher energy level. This boost cause isomerization of 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal. The separation of all-trans-retinal from opsin causes bleaching of the visual pigment, that is, the pigment loses its purple color.
Light adaptation: 明适应
a reduction in the amount of rhodopsin, which in turn reduces visual sensitivity; occurs rapidly within seconds, favors cone vision because the rhodopsin in rods bleaches more readily than do the cone pigments.
Dark adaptation:暗适应
a process that results in an increase in visual sensitivity. the regeneration of photopigment. Cones adapt more rapidly to darkness than do rods, but their adapted threshold is relatively high. Thus, cones do not function when the ambient light level is low.Rods adapt to darkness slowly, but their sensitivity increases. Within 10 min in a dark room, rod vision is more sensitive than cone vision.
Visual Acuity:视力
The ability of the eye to distinguish between two nearby points.
The Visual Field: 视野
the extent of the space seen by one eye.
nerve impulses神经冲动
The action potentials that transmit along a nerve is called nerve impulses.
Axoplasmic transport轴浆运输
The process of various organelles and materials are moved from the cell body to the axon and its terminals.
saltatory conducton跳跃性传导
Action potentials jump from node to node without depolarizing the region under the myelin sheath - called saltatory conduction.
orthodromic and antidromic conduction双向传导与单向传导
antidromic: when an AP is initiated in the middle of an axon, two impulses travels in opposite directions by electro tonic depolarization on either side of the initial current sink.
orthodromic. in a living animal, impulses normally pass in one direction only, i.e., from synaptic junctions or receptors along axons to their termination.
anterograde axoplasmic transport顺向轴浆运输
The process of various organelles and materials are moved from the cell body to the axon and its terminals.
retrograde axoplasmic transport反向轴浆运输
Axon transport of certain materials are from the axon terminals to the cell body. 205mm/d, NGF, tetanus toxin, horseradish peroxidase (HRP).
Neurotrophins神经营养因子
The proteins that are necessary for survival and growth of neurons.
The neurotrophins are products of the muscles or other structures that the neurons innervate, and astrocytes.
These proteins bind to receptors at the endings of a neuron. They are internalized and then transported by retrograde transport to the neuronal cell body, where they foster the production of proteins associated with neuronal development, growth, and survival.
Other neurotrophins are procduced in neurons and transported anterogradely to the nerve ending, where they maintain the integrity of the postsynaptic neuron.
Nerve growth factor (NGF), Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Neurotrophin 3 (NT-3/4/5).
Synapse突触
The junction point from one neuron to the next.
Chemical synapse Electrical synapse Inhibitory synapse
Excitatory synapse
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP):兴奋性突触后电位
The excitatory neurontransmitters produce a depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP):抑制性突触后电位
Inhibitory neurotransmitters produces a hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.
Postsynaptic inhibition 突触后抑制
the effect of inhibitory synapses on the postsynaptic membrane.
Recurrent inhibition 回返性抑制
Neurons may also inhibit themselves in a negative feedback fashion. Each spinal motor neuron regularly gives off a recurrent collateral that synapses with an inhibitory interneuron (a Renshaw cell) which terminates on the cell body of the spinal neuron and other spinal motor neurons. The inhibitory interneuron to secrete inhibitory mediator, slows and stops the discharge of the motor neuron.
Pre-synaptic inhibition突触前抑制
A process that the inhibition occurs at the presynaptic terminals before the signal ever reaches the synapse.
Presynaptic facilitation: 突触前易化
This is produced when the AP is prolonged and Ca 2+ channels are open for a longer period. (serotonin in the sea snail Aplysia, released at an axo-axonal ending, resulting phosphorylation of one group of K+ channels closes the channels, slowing repolarization and prolonging the AP.
Stimulus intensity: 刺激强度
The frequency of AP in a single receptor. Increased stimulus strength means a larger receptor receptor potential and a higher frequency of AP firing.
Referred pain 牵涉痛
The pain usually is initiated in one of the visceral organs and referred to an area on the body surface
The endocrine system内分泌系统
The endocrine system consists of endocrine glands and cells that secrete hormones in various tissues.
Endocrine glands: 内分泌腺
Glands that do not use ducts to convey the secretion to a neighboring target, they are also called ductless glands.
hormone 激素
--chemical substance
--is secreted into the internal body fluids by one specialized cell or a group of cells and
--has a physiological control effect on other cells of the body.
Endocrines （telecrine 远距分泌）
hormones that are released into the bloodstream and interact with distinct target cells
Paracrines (gut hormone)旁分泌
local hormones that act on nearby cells
Autocrines (PG)自分泌
local hormones that act on the cell that released them
Synergistic effects.协同效应
When two or more hormones work together to produce particular result their effect are said to be synergistic.
These effects may be additive or complementary.
Additive: Same effect of the hormones on one target organ, for example, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the heart rate
Complementary: Work on different stages of a physiological procedure, for example, FSH (initiation) and testosterone (maintenance) on spermatogenesis
Permissive effect. 允许效应
A hormone is said to have a permissive effect on the action of a second hormone when it enhances the responsiveness of a target organ to the second hormone or when it increases the activity of the second hormone.
Antagonistic action拮抗作用
In some situations the actions of one hormone antagonize the effects of another.
Second messenger systems 第二信使系统
Receptors for the water soluble hormones are found on the surface of the target cell, on the plasma membrane. These types of receptors are coupled to various second messenger systems which mediate the action of the hormone in the target cell
Hypothalamic regulatory peptide下丘脑调节肽
Hypothalamic regulatory peptide for anterior pituitary hormones
The hypothalamic regulatory hormones (hypophysiotropic hormone) are secreted at nerve endings of peptidergic neurons in the median eminence and transported to anterior pituitary by hypothalamic hypophyseal portal vessels, acting on the glandular cells to control their secretion.
Milk ejection reflex射乳反射
(Unconditioned and conditioned reflex)suckling infant stimulates nerve cells to the hypothalamus to cause the release of oxytocin , which cause milk ejection of breast (breast usually requires stimulation of about 1 minute until the release of oxytocin).
减压反射
血脑屏障
心血管交感紧张
