免疫名词解释历年题
1. Recirculation of lymphocytes(淋巴细胞再循环)It means the continuous movement of lymphocytes across the sites through out blood and lymphatic vessels, and it is critical for the initiation and effector phases of immune response.
2. hapten(半抗原) antigen which can combine with the corresponding Ab or sensitized T lymphocyte but can not evoke the immune response independently.
3. TD-Ag(thymus dependent Ag) Ag stimulates B cells to produce Ab with the help of T cells and macrophage.
4. TI-Ag(thymus independent Ag)Ag stimulates B cells to produce Ab without the help of T cells and macrophage.
5. heterophile Ag(异嗜性抗原)common antigens shared by different species and play an important role in immunopathology and diagnosis.
6. HVR(hypervariable region)超变区Most of sequence differences among antibodies are confined to three short stretches in the V regions of heavy and light chains are called HVR
7. CDR(complementary determinant region)互补决定区The sequences of the antibodies form an antigen binding surface that is complementary to the three dimensional structure of the bound antigen It is also called complementary determinant regions.
8. idiotype (独特型) Igs produced by each B cells clone possessing unique structure respectively in HVR or CDR, the unique structure is called idiotype of Ig.
9. monoclonal Ab (mAb 单克隆抗体) It is prepared by hybridoma technique. Immunized spleen cells (B cells) fuse with myeloma cells and form hybridoma with property of proliferating Ab
10. conformational determinants 构象决定簇They are composed of amino acid residues are not in a sequence but become special juxtaposed in folded protein. They are usually on the surface of antigen and be recognized by B cells and Ab.
11. ADCC（antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity）It is a process in which NK cells are target to Ab coated cells, resulting in lyses Ab coated cells .FcR Ⅲ is expressed on NK cell membrane and mediate binding of IgG.
12. MAC membrane attack complex 攻膜复合体A lytic complex of the terminal components of complement cascade, Including C5678and multicopies of C9,which forms in the membrane of target cells MAC causes lethal ionic and osmotic changes in cells.
13. CK cytokine 细胞因子A group of low molecular weight polypeptides or proteins which are secreted by activated immunocytes or some matrix cells and possess high activity and various functions. Their major functions are to mediate and regulation immune response and inflammation reaction.
14. CAM or AM cell adhesion molecules 黏附分子The cell surface molecules whose function is to promote adhesive interaction with other cells or the extra cellular matrix and play a crucial role in cell interaction, recognition, activation and migration.
15. CD cluster of differentiation 分化簇It is a group of cell surface molecules associated with the development and differentiation of immune cells.
16. MHC major histocompatibility complex主要组织相容性复合体It is a group of genes which encode for major histocompatibility antigens and relate to immune response.
17. HLA human leukocyte antigen 人类白细胞抗原The major histocompatibility antigens for human bodies which associated with histocompatibility and immune response.
18. HLA complex The MHC of human, a cluster of genes which encode for HLA and related to histocompatibility and immune response.
19. MHC restriction In interaction of T cell and APC or target cells, T cells not only recognize specific antigen but also recognize polymorphic residules of MHC molecules.
20. PAMP(pathogen associated molecular pattern) 病原相关分子模式distinct structures or components that are common for many pathogens ，such as LPS, dsRNA of viruses etc.
21. PRR (pattern recognition receptor) The receptors that can recognize PAMP, located on the surface of macrophage, including mannose receptor, scavenger receptor , toll like receptor etc.
22. APC a group of cells which can uptake and process antigen and present antigen-MHC-Ⅰ/Ⅱ complex to T cells, playing an important role in immune response.
23. TCR complex a group of membrane molecules on T cells that can specifically bind to antigen and pass an activation signal into the cell, consisting of TCR（αβγδ ）， CD3 （γε δε）andζ-ζ。
24. ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) 免疫受体酪氨酸活化基序 ITAM transduced e activation signals from TCR, composing of tyrosine residues separated by around 18 aas. When TCR specially bind to antigen, the tyrosine become phosphorylated by the receptor associated tyrosine kinases to transduct actively signals.
25. immunotolerance 免疫耐受 a type of specific unresponsiveness to a given antigen previously exposure of specific lymphocytes to that antigen but response naturally to other antigens.
26. clonal anergy 克隆无能 a state of functional inactivation without cell death of Tlymphocytes induced by recognition of antigen in the absence of co-stimulatory signal.
27. AICD(activation induced cell death) 活化诱导细胞死亡 repeated stimulation to T B lymphocytes by persistent antigen results in death of the activated ell process of apoptosis. FasL on activated T cell binding to Fas on activated T cell and induce T cell apoptosis.
28. Hypersensitivity超敏反应 a harmful immune response when a sensitized individual encounters the same antigen again, subsequently produce tissue injury or disorder of function and may cause serious disease.
29 TSA tumor specific Antigen 肿瘤特异抗原 antigens that are only expressed on tumor cells but not on normal cells ,having high specificity.
30 direct recognition 直接识别In transplantation immunology T cell is activated by recognition of an intact MHC molecules displayed by donor APC in the graft. It is a cross reaction of a normal TCR. In normal condition, it recognize self MHC molecules plus foreign peptides , but now ,it recognize an allogenic MHC plus peptide.
31 GVHD (graft versus host disease)移植物抗宿主病 a disease usually occurs in bone marrow immune response, immune cells in the graft can give immune response to the host.
32 lymphocyte homing 淋巴细胞归巢 the process by which particular subsets of lymphocytes selectively enter some tissues but not others is called lymphocyte homing.
33 isotype exclusion 同种型排斥double positive T cells whose TCR can recognize and combine with MHC can develop and differentiate continuously into single positive T cells and got MHC restriction.
34 IFN The CKs produced by human or animal tissue cells or T lymphocytes and NK cells,following the infection of virus and exposure to antigen whose principle function is to inhibit virus replication or activate macrophage in both innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
35 cross-priming or cross-presentation 交叉递呈 a mechanism by which a professional APC activates, a naïve CD8 CTL specific for the antigens of a third cell （e.g. a virus-infected or tumor cell）.
to be continued
