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长期熬夜的朋友，觉是补不回来的！！！ Chronically Sleep Deprived? You Can't Make Up For Lost Sleep 长期熬夜的朋友，觉是补不回来的！！！
Science Daily — We've all experienced that occasional all-too-short night of sleep -- staying out too late at a party on a weeknight, studying into the wee hours for a morning exam or being kept up during the night with a sick child. Our bodies try to catch up by making us sleep more and/or more deeply the following night.
（每日科学）我们都偶尔经历过熬夜—如周日晚上在派对上呆的太晚、为了第二天上午的考试通宵达旦地学习或孩子生病时彻夜守他身边。通常第二天晚上我们会睡的时间更长而且/或者睡的更沉以补足睡眠。
It is well established that following an acute period of sleep loss, the body responds this way in order to maintain a homeostatic balance between sleep and wakefulness. Very little is known, however, about the health consequences of chronic partial sleep loss -- losing a little bit of sleep over a period of days, months or even years.
目前我们确定短期熬夜后，机体会以补充睡眠的方法保持睡眠与清醒间的自我平衡。但是，我们对几天、几个月、甚至多年的长期熬夜对健康带来的影响知之甚少。
Now sleep researchers at Northwestern University have discovered that when animals are partially sleep deprived over consecutive days they no longer attempt to catch up on sleep, despite an accumulating sleep deficit. Their study is the first to show that repeated partial sleep loss negatively affects an animal's ability to compensate for lost sleep. The body responds differently to chronic sleep loss than it does to acute sleep loss.
目前西北大学的睡眠研究人员研究发现动物长期熬夜后，尽管睡眠缺乏现象持续存在，但它们不再试图补充睡眠。这项研究首次表明持续熬夜影响了动物补充睡眠的能力。机体对长期睡眠不足与短暂的睡眠不足的反应是不同的。
The results, which shed light on a problem prevalent in industrialized nations with 24/7 societies such as the United States, where Americans get nearly an hour less sleep a night than they did 40 years ago, were published online recently by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
这些结果明确表明了像美国这样的工业化国家24小时/7天制度下普遍存在的问题，现在美国人比40年前每天睡眠减少了近1小时。美国科学院出版物PNAS网络版近期发表了这些研究结果。
"We now know that chronic lack of sleep has an effect on how an animal sleeps," said Fred W. Turek, professor of neurobiology and physiology and director of Northwestern's Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology and an author of the paper. "The animals are getting by on less sleep but they do not try and catch up. The ability to compensate for lost sleep is itself lost, which is damaging both physically and mentally."
Fred W. Turek是神经生物学与生理学教授，兼任睡眠与时间生物学西北中心主任，他也是上文作者之一。他说：“现在我们了解了长期熬夜对动物睡眠方式有影响。动物长期熬夜后不再补充睡眠，它们自己失去了这种补充睡眠的能力，这会带来肉体与精神上的伤害。”
In the study, the researchers kept animals awake for 20 hours per day followed by a four-hour sleep opportunity, over five consecutive days. The team monitored brain wave and muscle activity patterns in order to precisely quantify sleep-wake patterns.
在这项研究中，研究人员让动物每天清醒20小时，然后给4小时时间睡眠。5天结束试验后，研究小组通过测定动物脑电波和肌肉活动模式以精确定量睡眠-清醒模式。
After the first day of sleep loss, animals compensated by increasing their intensity, or depth, of sleep, which is indicative of a homeostatic response. However, on the subsequent days of sleep loss, the animals failed to generate this compensatory response and did not sleep any more deeply or any longer than they did under non-sleep deprived conditions (baseline measurements). At the end of the study, the animals were given three full days to sleep as much as they wanted. Amazingly, they recovered virtually none of the sleep that was lost during the five-day sleep deprivation period.
5天熬夜后，动物通过延长睡眠时间或睡眠深度以补充睡眠不足，表明机体存在自我平衡反应。然而，让动物继续熬夜，动物就失去了这种补偿反应，与睡眠正常状态（基础测定）相比，不再睡得更沉或更长。研究结束时，研究人员给予动物三整天时间让其充分睡眠。令人惊讶的是，他们并没有恢复熬夜5天时的睡眠补充方式。
The findings support what other scientists have discovered in recent experimental studies in humans. Chronic partial sleep loss of even two to three hours per night was found to have detrimental effects on the body, leading to impairments in cognitive performance, as well as cardiovascular, immune and endocrine functions. Sleep-restricted people also reported not feeling sleepy even though their performance on tasks declined.
这些发现支持其他研究人员近来对人类的试验结果。即使每天晚上熬夜2到3小时也对身体有害，导致认知能力、心血管功能、免疫功能及内分泌功能受损。也有报道说即使熬夜的人们工作效率下降，他们也不会感到困倦。
The Northwestern team's results suggest that animals may undergo a change in their need for sleep, or in their sleep homeostat, in situations where normal sleep time is prohibited or where sleep could be detrimental for survival. An extreme but realistic example of this, says Turek, would be how animals respond to catastrophic environmental conditions, such as Hurricane Katrina. No matter how sleep deprived an animal or human may be, it would not be adaptive for the sleep homeostat to kick in and to make the animal fall sleep when it is in the midst of a flood or forest fire. Therefore, the body undergoes some change that allows it to counter its homeostatic need for sleep and to stay awake to avoid danger.
西北大学研究小组的结果提示当不能正常睡眠或睡眠对危及生存时，动物对睡眠的需求或其睡眠平衡也会发生改变。Turek说，这种情况的一个极端而真实的实例是动物遇到灾难如Katrina飓风时它们睡眠的改变。当动物或人类面临洪水或森林大火时，不管如何缺觉，他们也不会遵从自身睡眠平衡而在这时睡着。因此，机体一定是做了某些改变使其克服了对睡眠的平衡需求，并保持清醒以逃避危险。
Turek and his team propose that this change in the sleep regulatory system is reflective of an allostatic response. In the short term, allostatic responses are adaptive, but when sustained on a chronic basis, such as in their study, an allostatic load will develop and lead to negative health outcomes. The allostatic load resulting from the accumulating sleep debt loops back to the sleep regulatory system itself and alters it.
Turek与其小组建议睡眠调节系统的这种改变是对非稳态反应的反映。简言之，非稳态反应是适应性的，但当像他们试验那样持续熬夜，非稳态负荷将会发生改变对机体健康产生损害。这种非稳态负荷的改变是由于睡眠不足回路反馈睡眠调节系统本身引起的。
"Even though animals and humans may be able to adapt their sleep system to deal with repeated sleep restriction conditions, there could be negative consequences when this pattern is maintained over a long period of time," said Turek. "This brings us back to the idea that repeated partial sleep restriction in humans has been linked to metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular disease."
Turek说：“即使人类或动物能够调整其睡眠系统以应付长期熬夜，这种方式持续时间太长对健康也是有害的。这使我们想起长期偏爱熬夜的人常会发生代谢紊乱和心血管疾病。”
"Our lab is very interested in the interactions between sleep loss and metabolic function," said Aaron D. Laposky, research assistant professor at the Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology and an author of the paper. "As Americans have been getting less sleep per night, there has been a parallel trend for body mass index to significantly increase. We believe that when partial sleep loss occurs repeatedly over a long period of time, individuals are predisposed to alterations in the function of many physiological systems."
本文作者之一、睡眠与时间生物学中心助理教授Aaron D. Laposky说：“我们实验室对睡眠不足与代谢功能的相互作用很感兴趣。现在美国人体重指数显著增加与其每晚睡眠减少的趋势很相似。我们相信长期喜欢熬夜的人许多生理系统的功能易于发生改变。”
In addition to Laposky and Turek, other authors of the PNAS paper, titled "Repeated sleep restriction in rats leads to homeostatic and allostatic responses during recovery sleep," are graduate student Youngsoo Kim (lead author) and visiting scholar Bernard M. Bergmann, both from Northwestern.
发表在PNAS杂志上的这篇标题为“长期睡眠不足的大鼠在恢复睡眠时引起的稳态与非稳态反应”文章的作者除Laposky和Turek外，其他作者为研究生Youngsoo Kim（第一作者）和访问学者Bernard M. Bergmann，均来自西北大学
············我是可爱的分割线················LZ有熬夜的习惯。如今在家1个多星期了觉还没补回来。。眼疼。胃疼。肝疼。真心地告诫不能熬夜啊~~~[ 此帖被深水鱼去火星在2011-07-08 22:12重新编辑 ]
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