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[英语]浅析《大学英语》常用英语修辞格 [复制链接]

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一些语言和文章之所以流传广泛,经久不衰,是因为它们极有表现力,其中不乏准确恰当的修辞手段,从而使文章更加形象生动、意蕴丰富并且引人入胜。本文根据《大学英语》中出现的最常见的几种修辞格加以分析,希望有助于大家在学习英语的过程中能够恰当地选择修辞手段来丰富自己的表达。

明喻(Simile)明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法,是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体的关系,两者都在对比中出现,其基本格式是“A像B”,常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。例如:

●He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushedsintoshis wrinkled face.(他往后一跳,好像被什么东西叮了一下似的,他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨得通红。)在《品尝家》一文中老人对“我”的慷慨施舍的反应如同被蜜蜂叮过一样,生动地刻画出一个处境凄凉内心却极度敏感的可怜老人的形象。

●The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. (支票跌落到地上,像一只断了翅膀的小鸟。)《礼物》一文中,老太太喜迎八十大寿,大女儿不来庆祝,只寄来一张支票。作者把这张支票比作断了翅膀的小鸟,形象地表达出此刻老太太希望破灭,极度伤心的心情。

暗喻(Metaphor)

暗喻也是一种比喻,但不用比喻词,因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它直接把一种事物名称用在另一事物上,从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理,增强语言的表现力。例如:

●What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? (如果没有这位电子保姆,父母该怎么办呢?)形象地说明了电视机的保姆功用。

●... while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.(……但是我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风,而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光。)作者把批评比作冷风,把赞扬比作温暖的阳光,生动形象,寓意隽永。

转喻(Metonymy)

转喻(即借代)是通过相近的联想,借喻体代替本体。例如:

●My 15 students read Emerson, Thoreau, and Huxley.(我的十五位学生读了爱默生、梭罗和赫胥黎的作品。)这是典型的转喻,以人名借代作品。

●Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon. (面对“地球卵形说”者,我能打的第一张牌是,太阳和月亮的相似性。)文中作者用具体第一张牌来借代抽象的“第一个论据”,更加生动形象,浅显易懂,也使语言新鲜活泼,富有表现力。

拟人(Personification)

拟人是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物上,使之人格化的修辞格。例如:

●... four evergreen shrubs stood at each corner,swheresthey struggled to survive the dust and fumes from a busy main road.(……四丛常绿灌木分别位于每个角落,它们忍受着从繁忙的大街上吹来的尘烟,挣扎着活下去。)“挣扎”是有生命的物体的动作,作者给自然的花草赋予了生命,使它人格化。

●But the houses were cold, closed, unfriendly.(可是那些房子冷漠无情,门窗紧闭,一点也不友好。)house本来是没有感情的,作者通过拟人的手法,表现房子里人的冷漠无情。

夸张(Hyperbole)

夸张是一种故意言过其实,或夸大或缩小事物的形象,借以突出事物的某种特征或品格,鲜明地表达思想情感的修辞方式。用于描写可以使形象更生动突出,渲染气氛,烘托意境,给读者留下深刻、鲜明的印象。例如:

●Vingo sat stunned, looking at the oak tree. It was covered with yellow handkerchiefs—20 of them, 30 of them, maybe hundreds.(文戈坐在那儿望着橡树惊呆了。树上挂满了黄手绢——二十条,三十条,或许几百条。)此句中20 of them, 30 of them, maybe hundreds就是运用了夸张的手法,主观地渲染了气氛。

●She gave me the impression ofshavingsmore teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose.(她给我的印象是:她有一口洁白整齐的大牙,为数之多已超过任何实际需要。)在这里作者通过夸张的描述,使一个贪婪好吃的女性形象跃然纸上。

反语(Irony)

英语修辞格irony就是说反话,用反面的话来表达正面的意思。这种修辞格可用来进行讽刺,但多数是用来表达一种善意的幽默或俏皮,故意说出与本意相反的话,例如:

●Slowly the old lady stooped to pick it (the cheque ) up. Her present, her lovely present. With trembling fingers she tore itsintoslittle bits. (老太太慢慢地弯下腰,把支票从地上捡起来,她的礼物,她的可爱的礼物!用颤抖的手指把它撕得粉碎。)老太太八十岁寿辰那天,急切地盼望女儿回家看望她,稍稍安慰她那颗孤寂的心,然而盼来的却是女儿的一张冷冰冰的支票,这当然不是老人心爱的礼物。故此处her lovely present是典型的irony,是句反话。

●She was not so young as I expected and in appearance imposing rather than attractive.(她并不如我想象的那么年轻。她的外表与其说吸引人,不如说是令人难忘。)imposing意指因为外貌、形体而使人印象深刻,作者在此以讽刺挖苦的口吻来描述一个贪吃而肥胖的女人。

仿拟(Parody)

根据家喻户晓的成语或谚语,临时更换其中的某个部分,造成新的成语或谚语;或者根据古今名言警句,在保持其原句不变的情况下,更换其中部分词语,这种修辞方式叫仿拟。例如:

根据家喻户晓的成语或谚语,临时更换其中的某个部分,造成新的成语或谚语;或者根据古今名言警句,在保持其原句不变的情况下,更换其中部分词语,这种修辞方式叫仿拟。例如:

●Lady hermits who are down but not out(穷困而不潦倒的女隐士们)文中的down but not out源于down and out,原是拳击比赛的术语,后来喻指穷困潦倒的人。

矛盾修辞法(Oxymoron)

用两种不相调和,甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事物,在矛盾中寻求哲理,以便收到奇警的修辞效果,这就是矛盾修辞法,用这种方法,语言精炼简洁,富有哲理,并产生强大的逻辑力量,产生一种出人意料,引人入胜的效果。例如:

●A miserable, merry Christmas(悲喜交加的圣诞节)。圣诞节那天,故事主人公小男孩经历了从痛苦的边缘到幸福的顶峰的过程。因此,父母精心安排的圣诞节既是最糟的,又是最好的。

头韵(Alliteration)

与前面几种修辞方式不同,头韵是一种语音修辞方式,它指一组词、一句话或一行诗中重复出现开头字母相同的单词,常用于文章的标题、诗歌及广告语中,简明生动,起到突出重点,加深印象,平衡节奏,宣泄感情的作用。例如:

●A miserable, merry Christmas

●Profits of praise
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21)hypallage(换置):交换两个单词的位置,交换之后的句子符合语法,但不一定符合逻辑,比如左边的例句变成右边的例句。
▲ Apply water to the wound. -- Apply the wound to water.
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(22)hyperbaton(倒装):颠倒句子各个部分,通常是颠倒主语和谓语,比如左边的例句可以变成右边的例句。
▲ He is happy. -- Happy is he.  

(23)hyperbole(夸张):通过夸张达到某种修辞效果,比如例句中的An hundred years.

▲ An hundred years should got to praise thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze, two hundred to adore each breast, but thirty thousand to the rest.  

(24)hysteron proteron(逆序):故意颠倒事件发生的自然顺序,也就是后发生的先说,先发生的后说,比如左边的例句变成右边的例句。
▲ I fall, I faint, I die. -- I die, I faint, I fall.

(25)irony(反语):字面意思与说话人实际想要表达的意思不一致,通常用来讽刺,比如例句中的an honourable man。
▲ Yet Brutus says he was ambITious, and Brutus is an honourable man.  

(26)lITotes(曲意):利用否定的形式,表达肯定的意思,比如例句中的not healthy相当于dangerous。
▲ War is not healthy for children and other living things.  

(27)metaphor(隐喻):利用某些单词进行含蓄的比喻,此时这些单词已经不再是字面上的意思了,比如例句中的an iron curtain。
▲ From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent.

(28)metonymy(换喻)用一个单词代替另外一个在概念上有关联的单词,比如例句中的sword,用来代替war。
▲ The pen is mightier than the sword.  

(29)onomatopoeia(拟声):模拟自然界的各种声音,比如例句中的ticktacking。
▲ I hear the clock ticktacking, and time goes by.  

(30)oxymoron(矛盾修饰):使用两个或多个自相矛盾的单词,比如例句中的cruel和kind。 ▲ I must be cruel only to be kind.

(31)paradox(佯谬):似是而非、或者似非而是的表达,比如例句中关于youth的看法。
▲ What a pITy that youth must be wasted on the young.

(32)paraleipsis(假省):故意省略某个部分之后,修辞效果反而更强,比如例句中possessions后面的省略。
▲ That part of our history detailing the milITary achievements which gave us our several possessions ... is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on, and I shall therefore pass IT by.

(33)paraprosdokian(没有汉语译文):一个句子的结尾令人感到吃惊,或者令人感到意外,比如例句中的the wall behind me。
▲ Many times when I look in the mirror, I see the wall behind me.

(34)paronomasia(双关语):一个单词或短语,同时具有多重含义,比如例句中的grave man,即是严肃的人,又是坟墓中的死人。
▲ Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.   >P#mPf/CD

(35)personification(拟人):用人的特性来描述人以外的事物,比如例句中的England。
▲ England expects every man to do his duty.

(36)pleonasm(冗笔):使用多余的单词,来丰富句子的含义,比如例句中的rich and poor。

▲ No one, rich or poor, will be excepted.  

(37)polysyndeton(连词叠用):在一组单词、短语或从句中,连续使用某个连词,比如在例句中,连续使用and,给人一种一气呵成的感觉。
▲ I said, "Who killed him?" and he said, "I don’t know who killed him but he’s dead all right," and IT was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water.  

(38)prolepsis(预期描写):把未发生的事情当作已发生的事情来描述,比如下面的例句。
▲ Oh, I am a dead man!

(39)simile(明喻):用as、like等单词对两个事物进行明确的比较,比如下面的例句。
▲ Reason is to faITh as the eye to the telescope.

(40)syllepsis(一笔双叙):一个单词与另外两个单词共同使用,其中一组的用法是常见的,另外一组的用法是不常见的,比如例句中hang together是常见的,而hang separately是不常见的。  
▲ We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately.  

(41)synchysis(没有汉语译文):有意(或者无意)将句子中各个单词的顺序打乱,使人难以理解,比如下面的例句。
▲ Lunch having he is, as wrITing one wITh hand, a book in the other hunched over, and notes he is taking. e

(42)synecdoche(提喻):用局部代替整体,或者用整体代替局部,比如例句中的U.S.(美国),在原文中是指U.S. boxing team(美国拳击队)。
▲ The U.S. won three gold medals.

(43)synesis(没有汉语译文):单词的搭配符合逻辑,但不符合语法,比如例句中的anyone和them。

▲ If anyone calls, tell them I am out. 

(44)tautology(同义反复):用不同的单词、短语或句子重复同一个意思,比如例句中的两个短语。

▲ WITh malice toward none, wITh charITy for all.

(45)zeugma(轭式搭配):用一个形容词修饰两个名词,其中一个修饰是通顺的,另外一个修饰则是勉强的,比如将左边的例句改写成右边的例句。
▲ WITh weeping eyes and grieving hearts -- WITh weeping eyes and hearts
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(1)allITeration(押头韵):一组单词的第一个辅音相同,比如例句中四个以l开头的单词。
▲ Let us go forth to lead the land we love. ; ~@ANA6NI

(2)anacoluthon(错格):句子从一种结构变成另外一种结构,比如例句由肯定结构变成疑问结构。

▲ As a regular reader of your papers -- Why does IT give so lITtle space to science?

(3)anadiplosis(联珠):将一个或一组单词重复多遍,比如例句中的servants。
▲ Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of state, servants of fame, and servants of business.
 
(4)anaphora(首语重复):将一个句子的开头单词或短语,在随后的句子中重复多遍,比如例句中的we shall fight。
▲ We shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills.


(5)anastrophe(词序倒装): 改变正常词序,比如例句中最后一部分,正常词序是yet a breeze never blew up 。
▲ The helmsman steered, the ship moved on, yet never a breeze up blew.

(6)antistrophe(逆反复):在每个句子的结尾,重复相同的单词或短语,比如例句中的wIThout warning。
▲ In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, wIThout warning. In 1935, ITaly invaded Ethiopia, wIThout warning. In 1938, HITler occupied Austria, wIThout warning.

(7)antIThesis(对偶):两个或多个句子,结构相同,但含义相反,或者含义形成对比,比如例句中的is no vice与is no virtue。
▲ Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice, moderation in the pursuIT of justice is no virtue.

(8)aporia(假装疑问):假装表示疑问,做出对某件事情好象不太肯定的样子,比如例句的最后部分。

▲ Then the steward said wIThin himself, ’What shall I do?’

(9)aposiopesis(中断):突然中断一个句子,以表示恐惧、兴奋等感情,比如例句在I saw后面中断。 _

▲ The first thing I saw -- But I dare not describe the dreadful sight.

(10)apostrophe(顿呼):在叙述过程中,突然对不在场的第三人(或拟人化的抽象事物)的称呼,比如例句中的O you gods。
▲ Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him.

(11)archaism(拟古):使用古体单词,或者已废弃单词,比如例句中的sate(sIT的古体过去式和过去分词)。
▲ PipIT sate upright in her chair, some distance from where I was sITting.

(12)assonance(协音):重复某个发音相同或相似的音节,比如例句中的Thy/thy和-dom/done。

▲ Thy kingdom come, thy will be done.  

(13)asyndeton(连接词省略):省略单词、短语或从句之间的连接词,比如例句省略了两个连接词and。

▲ But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground.

(14)brachylogy(省略):省略一个不太重要、读者通常可以猜出的单词或短语,比如例句省略了out后面的

▲ He looked out the window.

(15)cacophony(杂音):使用一组发音不和谐的单词,以便让人听着不舒服,比如例句中的一组单词。

▲ We want no parlay wITh you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will.  

(16)catachresis(生硬比喻):用不准确的单词进行不准确的比喻,比如例句中的thirsty ear。

▲ I listen vainly, but wITh thirsty ear.

(17)chiasmus(交错配列):两个对应部分没有按照a-b-a-b顺序排列,而是按照a-b-b-a顺序排列,比如例句中的(often) (in my thoughts) and (in my prayers) (always)。
▲ Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always.

(18)climax(渐强):重新排列单词、短语或从句,以便让整个句子具有语气逐渐增强的效果,比如例句最后部分and not to yield是整句的高潮。
▲ One equal temper of heroic hearts, made weak by time and fate, but strong in will, to strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.

(19)euphemism(委婉):用礼貌、非冒犯性的表达,代替不礼貌、冒犯性的表达,比如例句中的passed away和went to be wITh the Lord。

▲ Charles Shively, 94, passed away at home and went to be wITh the Lord on April 22, 2004, from natural causes.  

(20)hendiadys(重言):用and连接两个名词,以代替一个形容词和一个名词,比如例句中的voice and supplication,代替supplicatory voice。
▲ I love the Lord, because he has heard my voice and supplication.
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