我们这个时代是一个信息****的时代，而信息****最主要的又是无用信息的****。无用信息的****以及每个人所可以接受的信息量的增加远远不成比例，随之而来的后果是我们所能接收到的有用信息的比例在迅速的下降，尽管总量可能持平或者只有略微的减少。
这样的后果就是迷离。我们被太多无用的假象遮住了眼睛，导致我们最后以为假象就是真相。举个例子，对于现在所处的时代，有两种极端的看法：1，这是一个缺乏英雄的时代2，这是一个牛人辈出的时代。事实是怎样的呢？
实际上，这是一个牛人比以前多一点，但是假牛人比以前多太多的时代，以至于这帮假牛人的虚伪的光芒远远的盖过了牛人的光芒。幸好，是金子总会闪光的，让我们看看真正的牛人是个什么样子的。
先来一点简单的介绍。
王晓东（1963年-），美籍华人科学家，原籍中国河南。
王晓东1984年获得北京师范大学生物学学士学位，1991年获得得克萨斯大学西南医学院生物化学博士学位。2004年4月当选为美国国家科学院院士。他是第一位获得美国国家科学院院士称号的中国大陆学者，也是迄今为止获得该称号时最年轻的一位。王晓东的研究方向是研究细胞的衰老，曾经用8年的时间成功分离了几种蛋白，说明了细胞衰老的机理。
王晓东教授现兼任北京生命科学研究所所长，PI。
http://www.nibs.ac.cn/index.php 我们在这里可以看到王晓东实验室的介绍。
http://www.nibs.ac.cn/index.php ?act=view&id=72 请注意这下面的 Publications，我把它粘过来，震撼一下大家。
1. Xiaodong Wang and Richard A. Padgett (1989). Hydroxyl radical "footprinting" of RNA: application to pre-mRNA splicing complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86, 7795-7799.
2. Michael R. Briggs, Chieko Yokoyama, Xiaodong Wang, Michael S. Brown, and Joseph L. Goldstein (1993). Nuclear protein that binds sterol regulatory element of low-density lipoprotein receptor promotor I. Identification of the protein and delineation of its target nucleotide sequence. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 14490-14496.
3. Xiaodong Wang, Michael R. Briggs, Xianxin Hua, Chieko Yokoyama, Joseph L. Goldstein, and Michael S. Brown (1993). Nuclear protein that binds sterol regulatory element of low-density lipoprotein receptor promotor II. Purification and characterization. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 14497-14504.
4. Chieko Yokoyama, Xiaodong Wang, Michael R. Briggs, Arie Admon, Jian Wu, Xianxin Hua, Joseph L. Goldstein, and Michael S. Brown (1993). SREBP-1, a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper protein that controls transcription of the LDL receptor gene. Cell 75, 187-197.
5. Xianxin Hua, Chieko Yokoyama, Jian Wu, Michael R. Briggs, Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein, and Xiaodong Wang (1993). SREBP-2, a second basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper protein that stimulates transcription by binding to a sterol regulatory element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90, 11603-11607.
6. Xiaodong Wang, Ryuichiro Sato, Michael S. Brown, Xianxin Hua, and Joseph L. Goldstein (1994). SREBP-1, a membrane-bound transcription factor released by sterol-regulated proteolysis. Cell 77, 53-62.
7. Ryuichiro Sato, Jianxin Yang, Xiaodong Wang, Mark J. Evans, Y.K. Ho, Joseph L. Goldstein, and Michael S. Brown (1994). Assignment of the membrane attachment, DNA binding, and transcriptional activation domains of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1). J. Biol. Chem. 269, 17267-17273.
8. Xiaodong Wang, Jih-tung Pai, Elizabeth A. Wiedenfeld, Clive A. Slaughter, Julio Medina, Joseph L. Goldstein, and Michael S. Brown (1995). Purification of an ICE-related cysteine protease that cleaves sterol-regulatory element binding proteins between the leucine zipper and transmembrane domains. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18044-18050.
9. Xiaodong Wang, Nikolai G. Zelenski, Jianxin Yang, Juro Sakai, Michael S. Brown, and Joseph L. Goldstein (1996). Cleavage of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) by CPP32 during apoptosis. EMBO J. 15, 1012-1020.
10. Xuesong Liu, Caryn Naekyung Kim, Jan Pohl and Xiaodong Wang (1996). Purification and characterization of an interleukin-1?-converting enzyme family protease that activates cysteine protease P32 (CPP32). J. Biol. Chem. 271, 13371-13376.
11. Xuesong Liu, Caryn Naekyung Kim, Jie Yang, Ronald Jemmerson, and Xiaodong Wang (1996). Induction of apoptotic program in cell-free extracts: requirement for dATP and cytochrome c. Cell 86, 147-157.
12. Jie Yang, Xuesong Liu, Kapil Bhalla, Caryn Naekyung Kim, Ana Maria Ibrado, Jiyang Cai, Tsung-I Peng, Dean P. Jones and Xiaodong Wang. (1997). Prevention of apoptosis by Bcl-2: release of cytochrome c from mitochondria blocked. Science 275, 1129-1132.
13. Xuesong Liu, Hua Zou, Clive Slaughter, and Xiaodong Wang. (1997). DFF, a heterodimeric protein that functions downstream of caspase-3 to trigger DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. Cell 89, 175-184.
14. Hua Zou, William J. Henzel, Xuesong Liu, Alexis Lutschg, and Xiaodong Wang. (1997) Apaf-1, a human protein homologous to C. elegans CED-4, participates in cytochrome c-dependent activation of caspase-3. Cell 90, 405-413.
15. Kim, C. N., Wang, X., Huang, Y., Ibrado, A. M., Liu, L., Fang, G., and Bhalla, K. (1997). Overexpression of Bcl-X(L) inhibits Ara-C-induced mitochondrial loss of cytochrome c and other perturbations that activate the molecular cascade of apoptosis. Cancer Res. 57, 3115-3120.
16. Peng Li, Deepak Nijhawan, Imawati Budihardjo, Srinivasa M. Srinivasula, Manzoor Ahmad, Emad S. Alnemri, and Xiaodong Wang (1997). Cytochrome c and dATP-dependent formation of Apaf-1/caspase-9 complex initiates an apoptotic protease cascade. Cell 91, 479-489.
17. Toh, S.Y., Wang, X.D., and Li, P. (1998). Identification of the nuclear factor HMG2 as an activator for DFF nuclease activity. BBRC. 250, 598-601.
18. Xuesong Liu, Peng Li, Piotr Widlak, Hua Zou, Xu Luo, William T. Garrard, and Xiaodong Wang (1998). The 40-kDa subunit of DNA fragmentation factor induces DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation during apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95, 8461-846.
19. Lorenzo M. Leoni, Qi Chao, Howard B. Cottam, Davide Genini, Michael Rosenbach, Carlos J. Carrera, Imawati Budihardjo, Xiaodong Wang, and Dennis A. Carson (1998). Induction of an apoptotic program in cell free extracts by 2-chloro-2’-deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate (2CdATP) and cytochrome c. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95, 9567-9571.
20. Xu Luo, Imawati Budihardjo, Hua Zou, Clive Slaughter, and Xiaodong Wang (1998). Bid, a Bcl-2 interacting protein, mediates cytochrome c release from mitochondria in response to activation of cell surface death receptors. Cell 94, 481-490.
21. Jianhua Zhang, Xuesong Liu, David C. Scherer, Gregory P. Boivin, Luc Van Kaer, Xiaodong Wang, and Ming Xu (1998). Resistance to DNA fragmentation and normal development in mice lacking the DNA fragmentation factor 45. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95, 12480-12485.
22. Hua Zou, Yuchen Li, Xuesong Liu, and Xiaodong Wang (1999). An Apaf-1/cytochrome c multimeric complex is a functional apoptosome that activates procaspase-9. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 11549-11556.
23. Xuesong Liu, Hua Zou, Piotr Widlak, William Garrard, and Xiaodong Wang (1999). Activation of the apoptotic endonuclease DFF40 (CAD/CPAN): oligomerization and direct interaction with histone H1. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 13836-13840.
24. Cherie Purring, Hua Zou, Xiaodong Wang, and George McLendon (1999). Stoichiometry, free energy, and kinetic aspects of cytochrome c:Apaf-1 binding in apoptosis. J AC S 121, 7435-7436.
25. Antony Rodrigues, Holt Oliver, Hua Zou, Xiaodong Wang, and John M. Abrams (1999). Dark, a drosophila homolog of Apaf-1/Ced-4, functions in an evolutionarily conserved death pathway. Nature Cell Biol. 1, 272 - 279.
26. Imawati Budihardjo, Holt Oliver, Michael Lutter, Xu Luo, and Xiaodong Wang (1999). Biochemical pathways of caspases activation during apoptosis. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 15, 269-290.
27. Deepak Nijhawan, Narimon Honarpour, and Xiaodong Wang (2000). Apoptosis in neural development and disease. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 23, 73-87
28. Xuesong Liu and Xiaodong Wang (2000). In vitro assays for caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation. Methods in Enzymology, 322, 177-182
29. Narimon Honarpour, Chunying Du,, James A. Richardson, Robert E. Hammer, Xiaodong Wang, and Joachim Herz (2000). Adult Apaf-1 deficient mice exhibit male infertility. Dev. Biol. 218, 248-258.
30. Piotr Widlak, Peng Li, Xiaodong Wang, and William T. Garrard (2000). Cleavage preferences of the apoptotic endonuclease DFF40 (caspase-activated DNase or nuclease) on naked DNA and chromatin substrates. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 8226-8232.
31. Kang Li, Yucheng Li, John M. Shelton, James A. Richardson, Erika Spencer, Zhijian J. Chen, Xiaodong Wang, and R. Sanders Williams (2000). Cytochrome c deficiency causes embryonic lethality and attenuates stress-induced apoptosis. Cell 101, 389–399.
32. Davide Genini, Imawati Budihardjo, William Plunkett, Xiaodong Wang, Carlos J. Carrera, Howard B. Cottam, Dennis A. Carson, and Lorenzo M. Leoni. (2000). Nucleotide Requirements for the in Vitro Activation of the Apoptosis Protein-activating Factor-1-mediated Caspase Pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 29-34.
33. Dori, A. Thomas, Chunying du, Ming Xu, Xiaodong Wang, and Timothy J. Ley (2000). DFF45/ICAD can be directly processed by Granzyme B duirng the induction of apoptosis. Immunity 12, 621-632.
34. Chunying Du, Min Fang, Yucheng Li, Lily Li, and Xiaodong Wang (2000). Smac, a mitochondrial protein that promotes cytochrome c-dependent caspase activation by eliminating IAP inhibition. Cell 102, 33-42.
35. Michael Lutter, Min Fang, Xu Luo, Masahiro Nishijima, Xiao-song Xie, and Xiaodong Wang (2000). Cardiolipin provides specificity for Bid targeting to mitochondria. Nature Cell Biol. 2, 754-756.
36. Jijie Chai, Chunying Du, Jia-Wei Wu, Saw Kyin, Xiaodong Wang, and Yigong Shi (2000). Structural and biochemical basis of apoptotic activation by Smac/DIABLO. Nature 406, 855-862.
37. Xuejun Jiang and Xiaodong Wang (2000). Cytochrome c promotes caspase-9 activation by inducing nucleotide binding to Apaf-1. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 31199-31203.
38. Geng Wu, Jijie Chai, Tomeka Suber, Jia-Wei Wu, Chunying Du, Xiaodong Wang, and Yigong Shi (2000). Structural basis of IAP recognition by Smac/DIABLO. Nature 408, 1008-1012.
39. Tianning Yu, Xiaodong Wang, Cherie Purring-Koch, Yen Wei, and George L. McLendon (2001). A Mutational epitope for proapoptotic cytochrome c binding to the apoptotic protease activation factor-1(Apaf-1). J. Biol. Chem. 276, 13034-13038.
40. Marisan Mejillano, Masaya Yamamoto, Andrew L Rozelle, Hui-Qiao Sun, Xiaodong Wang, and Helen L Yin (2001). Regulation of apoptosis by phosphatidylinositol 4, 5 Bisphosphate inhibition of caspases, and caspase inactivation of phosphatidylinositol phosphate 5 kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 1865-1872.
41. Lily Y. Li, Xu Luo, and Xiaodong Wang (2001) Endonuclease G (EndoG) is an apoptotic DNase when released from Mitochondria. Nature 412, 95-99.
42. Jay Parrish, Lily Li, Kristina Klotz, Duncan Ledwich, Xiaodong Wang and Ding Xue (2001) The C. elegans mitochondrial nuclease Endonuclease G is important for DNA fragmentation and progression of apoptosis. Nature 412, 90-94.
43. Narimon Honarpour, Sandra Gilbert, Bruce Lahn, Xiaodong Wang, and Joachim Herz (2001) Apaf-1 deficiency and neural tube closure defects are found in fog mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98, 9683-9687.
44. Piotr Widlak, Lily Y. Li, Xiaodong Wang, and William T. Garrard (2001) Action of recombinant human apoptotic endonuclease G on naked DNA and chromatin substrates: Cooperation with exonuclease and DNase I. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 48404-48409.
45. Michael Lutter, Guy Perkins, Xiaodong Wang (2001). The pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member tBid localizes to mitochondrial contact site. BMC Cell Biology 2, 22.
46. Xiaodong Wang (2001). The expanding role of mitochondria in apoptosis. Genes & Dev. 15, 2922-2933.
47. Jonathan P. Carson, Marcelina Behnam, Jennifer N. Sutton, Chunying Du, Xiaodong Wang, Donald F. Hunt, Michael J. Weber, and George Kulik. (2002). Smac Is Required for Cytochrome c-induced Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer LNCaP Cells. Cancer Res. 62. 18-23.
48. Devrim Acehan, Xuejun Jiang, David Gene Morgan, John E. Heuser, Xiaodong Wang and Christopher W. Akey (2002). Three-dimensional structure of the apoptosome: implications for assembly, procaspase-9 binding, and activation. Mol. Cell 9. 423-432.
49. Hitoshi Okada, Woong-Kyung Suh, Jianping Jin, Minna Woo, Chunying Du, Andrew Elia, Gordon S. Duncan, Andrew Wakeham, Annick Itie, Scott W. Lowe, Xiaodong Wang, and Tak W. Mak (2002). Generation and characterization of Smac/DIABLO-deficient mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 3509-3517.
50. Mohanish Deshmukh, Chunying Du, Xiaodong Wang, and Eugene M. Johnson, Jr. (2002). Exogenous Smac induces competence and permits caspase activation in sympathetic neurons. J. Neurosci. 22, 8018-8027.
51. Xuejun Jiang, Hyun-Eui Kim, Hongjun Shu, Yingmin Zhao, Haichao Zhang, James Kofron, Jennifer Donnelly, Dave Burns, Shi-chung Ng, Saul Rosenberg, and Xiaodong Wang (2003). Distinctive roles of PHAP proteins and prothymosin-? in a death Regulatory Pathway. Science 299, 223-226.
52. Deepak Nijhawan, Min Fang, Elie Traer, Qing Zhong, Wenhua Gao, Fenghe Du and Xiaodong Wang (2003). Elimination of Mcl-1 is required for the initiation of apoptosis following ultraviolet irradiation. Genes & Dev. 17, 1475-1486.
53. Qinghua Liu, Tim A. Rand, Savitha Kalidas, Fenghe Du, Hyun-Eui Kim, Dean P. Smith and (2003). R2D2, a bridge between the initiation and effector steps of the Drosophila RNAi pathway. Science 301, 1921-1925.
54. Jianhua Zhang, Mei Dong, Lily Li, Yunxia Fan, Purnima Pathre, Jin Dong, Danwen Lou, James M. Wells, Danyvid Olivares-Villagomez, Luc Van Kaer, Xiaodong Wang, and Ming Xu (2003). Endonuclease G is required for early embryogenesis and normal apoptosis in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.100, 15782-15787.
55. Lin Li, Ranny Mathew Thomas, Hidetaka Suzuki, Jef K. De Brabander, Xiaodong Wang, Patrick G. Harran, "A Small Molecule Smac Mimic Potentiates TRAIL- and TNF-Mediated Cell Death" Science, 305(5689):1471-1474, September 2004
56. Xuejun Jiang and (2004). Cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis. Annual Review of Biochemistry. In Press.
57. Peng Li, Deepak Nijhawan, and Xiaodong Wang (2004). Mitochondrial activation of apoptosis. Cell 116, S57-59.
58. Zhenyue Hao, Gordon S. Duncan, Chia-Che Chang, Andrew Elia, Min Fang, Andrew Wakeham, itoshi Okada, Thomas Calzascia, YingJu Jang, Annick You-Ten, Wen-Chen Yeh, Pamela Ohashi, Xiaodong Wang, and Tak W. Mak (2005). Specific Ablation of the Apoptotic Functions of Cytochrome c Reveals a Differential Requirement for Cytochrome c and Apaf-1 in Apoptosis. Cell, 121, 579–591
59. Qing Zhong, Wenhua Gao, Fenghe Du, and Xiaodong Wang (2005). Mule/ARF-BP1, a BH3-Only E3 Ubiquitin Ligase, Catalyzes the Polyubiquitination of Mcl-1 and Regulates Apoptosis. Cell, 121, 1085–1095
