偶滴诊断学考前复习笔记（抱佛脚版）
DIAGNOSTICS
名解
主诉：chief complaints. The main pain or the most prominent symptom or sign the patient feels. It is also the main reason why the patient visits.
体征和症状：symptom is the abnormal, discomfortable, or painful sensation the patient feels, or objective pathosis. Sign is the change discovered by the doctor or others in clinical examination.
稽留热：continued fever. T: keeps at 39~40℃ constantly. Circadian variation 39℃. Circadian variation >2℃. Seen in rheumatic fever, tuberculosis, septicemia.
牵涉痛：Referred pain. The diffuse pain arise from somatic or visceral structures . It projects to a more superficial region with the same segmental innervation. Pain of coronary insufficiency may be felt along the inner aspect of the arm or in the left interscapular region.
紫绀：Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. It results from reduced hemoglobin or abnormal hemoglobin pigments in the blood perfusing these areas.
隐血：occult. Slight alimentary tract hemorrhage. Without discoloration of the feces. It is only through OBT the hemafecia is discovered.
端坐呼吸：Orthopnea is difficulty in breathing in the supine position. This may be relieved by sitting up, which reduces the degree of pulmonary congestion by pooling blood in the lower extremities and lowering left ventricular filling pressure. It improves the diaphragmatic movement, increasing vital capacity. Seen in left heart failure.
夜间阵发性呼吸困难：Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. The patient awakes short of breath at night, but often obtain relief by sitting up for a period. The supine position for sleep results resorption of extracellular fluid into the intravascular space, causing arising in filling pressure. Seen in left heart failure.
心源性哮喘：cardiac asthma. LHF, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, cyanosis, diaphoresis, wheezing, pink frothy sputum, moist rale on chest button, rapid HR and gallop may occur.
黄疸：jaundice. Accumulation of bilirubin in the bloodstream causes yellow pigmentation of the plasma, leading to discoloration of perfused tissues. Clinically, hyperbilirubinemia appears as jaundice, yellow pigmentation of the skin and sclera.
咯血：Hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood from the airway below larynx. Patients complain of coughing up blood. The nose, mouth and upper respiratory tract must be searched carefully by the mirror examination to rule out the possibility that blood may come from those areas.
眩晕：dizziness vertigo. Vertigo implies the illusory sensation of turning or spinning -- either of the patient himself or his environment. Without conscious disturbance in general. Seen in labyrinth, vestibule and cerebellum disease, and also seen in other systems or systemic disease.
晕厥：faint. Temporary unconsciousness caused by extensive ischemia of brain for a period. The patient can’t keep normal normal position and falls due to loss of tention of muscle. Onset suddenly but recover soon, and sequelae are few.
强迫体位：compulsive position. The patient has to take this position to relieve the pain or discomfort.
垂体性侏儒症：pituitary dwarfism. Abnormal small body caused by hypophyseal growth hormone secretion decreasing. The patient’s intelligence is normal.
蜘蛛痣：spider angioma. Angioma caused by the end of cutaneous arteriolar branches distention. Distribute as same as the superior vena cava does. Estrogen inactivation of liver decreased may be the cause. Seen in hepatitis, cirrhosis.
杵状指：acropachy. The tips of the fingers are bulbous, resembling the ends of drumsticks, and there is excessive curvature of the nails in all directions. When chronic hypoxia, metabolic dysfunction or poisoning, the capillaries of ends of the extremities dilate and the soft tissue hyperplas